Race and Ethnicity Key Terms Lecture 1 Nationality 02 07 2013 A persons nationality is where they retain citizenship Nothing to due with ethnicity and race Race Can be defined as the assumption of innate differences based on real or imagined physical characteristics developed to prove inequality Social construction Ethnicity cultural values The shared categorization of people based on factors like shared Determined by nationality language religion and gender roles Ethos translates to nationality racial hierarchies racialization hierarchy listing of races in order of social dominance you use ideological scientific racism to complete a racial Thomas Jefferson was an early supporter Ideological Racism An ideology that considers a groups unchangeable physical characteristics to be linked in a direct causal way to psychological or intellectual characteristics and that on this basis distinguishes between superior and inferior groups Johann Blumenbach o Concept of race into writing 1795 racial classification with scientific backing Searching for perfect race Caucasian Samuel Morton o Scientist from Philadelphia o Correlation between skull size and brain size intelligence o Used sand to determine skull volume White skulls held more sand o Josiah Nott Wrote a book Types of Mankind From Mobile Alabama Cross breeding causes terrible problems Still in print during WWI WASPs white anglo saxon protestant You are of English ethnicity Dominate group in the US Individual Racism individual of another race Institutional Racism Racism endorsed by the government Three Waves of Immigration in American History One individual carries out an act of violence racism towards an Formative Wave 1607 1820 1607 Jamestown was established in Virginia o beginning of English colonization in the US 1820 Halt of English speaking immigrants and new batch of immigrants begin arriving for different reasons Mostly WASPs or similar 99 Protestant Forced immigration of slavery First Wave Immigration 1820 1880 1820 Problems in Ireland o Irish Catholics begin arriving in the US o First Catholic immigrants o Germans begin arriving 1840s Goldrush California o Chinese immigrants attracted Second Wave of Immigration 1880 1920 Starts because of political economical turmoil in parts of Europe o Southern Italians begin arriving in the US o Jewish immigrants from Russia begin arriving o WASPs go crazy laws established to stop immigrants from coming to the US Third Wave of Immigration after 1920 o Cubans Jews after WWII Central and South Americans 4 Types of Migration Voluntary Forced Slavery choose to come to the US voluntarily Leave their homeland against their will Economic Labor Came for economic reasons or lack of labor in home country Displaced Persons Pilgrims have to leave England with the threat of being thrown in jail for their religious beliefs Have to leave their country because of a political regime Anything that pushes someone away from their native country o Ex Religious strife economic turmoil slavery Anything that draws someone to a country and causes them to Push Factor Pull factor immigrate Assimilation Someone subordinate group member gives up their culture language heritage and they become like the dominant group o Ex southern Italian arrives in the US and gives up Italian language and convert from Catholic to Protestant o Happens quickly they want to fit in quickly Acculturation Subordinate group adopts some of the practices of the dominant group but remember their old culture and heritage o Retain some of the old vestiges of their home country o Ex Native Americans Happens over several generations deciding what they want to retain and what they want to adopt Philosophies of Race and Ethnicity Anglo Conformity Everyone become WASPs Didn t happen we still celebrate different heritages Ex Octoberfest Melting Pot Ideal given up everything to become a new people under one culture Cultural Pluralism Everyone has given up something and adopted something of the WASPs but retain something from their heritage acculturation The First Americans Beringia The Land Bridge o Glaciers ocean o 600 mile land bridge connecting Alaska and Siberia o named after the Bering Sea o Hunters and Gatherers Followed game herds o Specifically The Clovis Hunters Clovis New Mexico Arrow heads found main hunting ground Agricultural Revolution 3000BC o Mexico City o Native Americans began planting crops o Spread very slowly until it reached North America in 200 AD o People began settling in one place and establishing villages around their crops o Sent out hunting parties Anasazi o Used agriculture to their benefit o Anasazi means old people We don t know what they called themselves o Lived in the 4 corners region of the US Utah Colorado Arizona New Mexico o Built their villages into the side of mountains cliff dwellers o Used irrigation channels snowfall o Grew surplus crops Trade network to the Mississippi o 3 main veggies Corn Beans Squash o Drought 1200AD Crops Failed Broke up into smaller villages growing smaller crops to support a smaller group of people Cahokia Mound Builders o Village on the banks of Mississippi River o 40 000 people at its height o Possible due to the river supporting their agriculture o Extensive trade network o Mound builders Worshipped a sun god Sun god would be more likely to bless them if they were closer to the sun built mounds Built burial mounds for their dead Buried with all of their possessions to have in the afterlife Friends were killed and buried with them so you wouldn t be alone in the afterlife o Drought hits 1450AD Cahokia abandoned Split off in every direction Indian Tribes in 1492 o Iroquois and Algonquian Biggest Eastern Rivals Most powerful tribes when the Europeans arrive on the East Coast French made friends with Algonquians and traded Fur French gave Algonquians guns to obtain hunting grounds from the Iroquois Native Americans used horses from Spaniards Most didn t begin utilizing until the beginning of the 1800s than guns Changed the way the tribes operated more so Some gave up agriculture and took up hunting and gathering again Horse allowed native americans to travel farther distances onto the great American dessert Kansas great plains region Found buffalo herds The more horses you owned increased status Had to have horses to get married trade to symbol of wealth brides father Changed the way Native Americans fight Hit and run tactics o Iroquois When a tribe member died you kidnapped an
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