psychology so SOP 3004 FINAL EXAM LEARNING OBJECTIVES BE ABLE TO APPLY ALL OF THESE CONCEPTS TO YOUR LIFE Learning Objectives for Chapter 1 Introduction to Social Psychology 1 How does social psychology study human behavior thoughts and feelings By asking questions that have intrigued us all You use hypotheses to test theories give direction to research and make theories practical 2 Why is it difficult to define social psychology Because we are unpredictable bio psycho social organisms It s a broad term 3 How does social psychology relate to sociology and other areas of psychology We are shaped by our biology and neurobiology so psychology lies between the boundary of sociology and psychology Social psych s relatives sociology neuroscience biology clinical psychology cognitive psychology developmental psychology personality psychology 4 Which field is most closely related to social psychology and often studied in unison Personality psychology 5 What does social psychology focus on How we think about influence and relate to one another 6 How did behaviorism and Freudian psychoanalysis contribute to the field of social Behaviorism and Freudian psychoanalysis were used before social psychology Behaviorism Pavlov s dogs Freudian psychoanalysis what you think how past influences behavior 7 What important 20th century event stimulated interest in social psychology and why did it do WWII would people be cruel if ordered to How did Nazi Germany conceive and implement the slaughter of 6 million Jews o Those acts occurred partly b c thousands of people followed orders 8 What are some of the most important common themes of social psychology what do they mean and why are they important The power of the situation the situation influences how you think feel Biological roots we have evolved to be more social we live in a different Person x situation personal variables introverted extroverted environment ex developed a sweet tooth We construct our own reality people seek to maintain their own views influenced by what we already think cognitive bias tend to ignore what we don t believe The Duplex mind automatic unconscious vs controlled conscious a lot goes on that we aren t aware of once aware of it you can change it Selfish impulse vs social conscience cost benefit social norms doing for self or others ex donating to charity looks good but you may be getting a tax break 9 What is the ABC triad and how does it apply to what social psychologists do Affect how you feel emotion ex angry frustrated Behavior what do your actions say Cognition what people think how they think 1 How does labeling relate to bias in research and what are some examples of this Value judgments are often hidden within our social psychological language Research Methods Whether we label someone engaged in guerrilla warfare a terrorist or a freedom fighter depends on our view of the cause Whether we call public assistance welfare or aid to the needy reflects our political views 2 Why can t we just use common sense to tell us about social psychology Contradictions correlation does not equal causation 3 What is the hindsight bias The tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome one s ability to have foreseen how something turned out I knew it all along 4 What is a theory and what does your book say about the comparison between evolutionary theory and the theory of gravity A theory is an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events Evolutionary theory people view it as just a theory evolution is just a theory but so is gravity Theory of gravity people respond by saying that gravity is a fact but gravity is the theoretical explanation that accounts for such observed facts 5 What can and can t correlational research tell us about human behavior thoughts and feelings Correlation does not equal causation Correlation studies tells us about naturally occurring relationships with behavior thoughts and feelings Knowing two things are naturally related is valuable information but it is not a reliable indicator of what is causing what or whether a third variable is involved 6 What does it mean for two variables to be positively correlated with one another Negatively correlated with one another Negative as one factor score goes up the other goes down Positive the two factor s scores rise and fall together 7 What can correlation coefficients range from What does the sign mean Range from 1 to 1 1 negative correlation 1 positive correlation 8 What is the 3rd variable problem with correlational research A third variable is a factor that cannot be taken into account Correlational research allows us to predict but can t tell us whether changing one variable will cause changes in the other 9 What are some of the unintended influences on survey research Unrepresentative samples Order of the questions Questions that require individual response The way the questions are worded framing 10 What is the goal and what are the features of experimental research The goal is to measure how and what influences change the dependent variable Control manipulation of independent variable and all other variables are kept constant Random assignment of representative sample of participants a Why are these features important for achieving the goal of experimental research So we can attribute any resulting difference between the two conditions to the independent variable 11 What are independent and dependent variables Independent variable the experimental factor that a researcher manipulates Dependent variable the variable being measured so called because it depends on manipulations of the independent variable 12 What is an operational definition and why is it important Operational definition what does it mean should be observable what are you testing experiment You need to have an operational definition in order for other scientists to repeat the 13 What are the ways in which we evaluate a measure we that we are using to assess a certain construct Validity measuring what you intend to measure Reliability consistency in the results 14 What does it mean to have an interaction of effects on a dependent variable When the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable depends on the value or level of the other independent variable a What is a main effect When an independent variable has an effect of similar magnitude and direction across levels of the other independent variables 15 What are demand characteristics Text Cues in
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