Chapter 10 1 Functions of emotions Cognition lead to learning essential for survival can impair prohibit learning memory bad experiences are more easily remembered bidirectional interplay Social affect behavior of others regulate own behavior when engaged in face to face interaction infants expect some responsiveness they don t know how to react when they receive the still face reaction natural human communication is disrupted joint attention picking up verbal and emotional information from the caregiver Health influence well being growth stress related to diseases Non organic failure to thrive and psychosocial dwarfism health problems due to emotional problems neglect 2 Key Terms Development of Emotional Expression Basic Emotions happiness interest surprise fear anger sadness disgust universal in humans and other primates and have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival Social smile broad grin that is evoked by the parent s communication between 6 and 10 weeks Stranger anxiety fear to unfamiliar adults most frequent expression of fear in infants and toddlers Secure base infants using their caregiver as a point from which to explore venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support Self Conscious emotions humans are capable of a second higher order set of feelings guilt shame embarrassment envy and pride each involves injury or enhancement of our sense of self Emotional self regulation strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals Problem centered coping children appraise the situation as changeable identify the difficulty and decide what to do about it Emotion centered coping internal private and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about an outcome when problem solving doesn t work Emotional display rules specify when where and how it is appropriate to express emotions 3 Key Terms Understanding and Responding to Emotions of Others Social referencing relying on another person s emotional reaction to appraise an uncertain situation Empathy involves a complex interaction of cognition and affect the ability to detect different emotions to take another s emotional perspective and to feel with that person or respond emotionally in a similar way Prosocial altruistic behavior actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self Sympathy feelings of concern or sorrow for another s plight 4 General developmental patters of Milestones of Emotional Development Birth 6 months detects emotions by matching the caregiver s feeling tone in face to face communication emotional expressions including happiness social smile and laughter gradually become more organized signals connected to environmental events 7 12 months detects meaning in other s signals engages in social referencing more anger fear uses secure base regulates emotions based on approaching retreating from stimulation 1 2years appreciates differing others emotions gets vocabulary of emotional terms empathy self conscious emotions uses language to assist with emotional self regulation 3 6 years understanding causes and consequences of emotion language develops empathy becomes reflective self conscious emotions linked to self evaluation active strategies to regulate emotion 5 Temperament Easy child about 40 of children adapts easily cheerful quickly establish regular routines Difficult about 10 of children slow to accept new experiences negative and intense reactions irregular daily routines prove to be at future risk Slow to warm up about 15 of children adjusts slowly to new experiences inactive and fearful mild or low key reactions to environmental stimuli tend to be more negative tend to show excessive fearfulness all the way through school Unclassified about 35 of children tend to show mixings of all three 6 Development of Attachment
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