Learning Objectives Chapter 4 Choices and Actions The Self in Control Define self regulation Self regulation the capacity to alter its own responses self control Know the 3 major components of self regulation 1 Standards ideas of how things could be 2 Monitoring keeping track of behaviors or responses Test operate test exit TOTE 3 Capacity for change Willpower Differentiate the two types of self regulation failure 1 Misregulation Regulating in the wrong domains Misunderstandings or miscalculations 2 Underregulation Not regulating enough Loss of attention Lack of self regulatory strength Behavior control Thought control Emotional control Impulse control Doing this Suppressing thought about topic Suppresses emotional reactions to a movie Resisting chocolate and eating radishes Makes it difficult To squeeze a handgrip for a long amount of time Solve difficult word problems Persist in attempting unsolvable puzzles Explain the limited resource model of self regulation and know what biological resource is being depleted All types of control rely on ONE limited energy source Willpower can be depleted Glucose is fuel for the brain Effortful tasks deplete blood glucose A sugar drink can help restore self regulation compared to a non sugar sweetener Initial acts of self regulation deplete one s resources True of anything that requires close guidance by the self Implications for pursuing multiple goals that require lots of self regulation Dieting and quitting smoking at the same time Describe and differentiate 4 different types of self control behavior thought emotion impulse Behavior self regulating your own behavior how you act Thought self regulating your thoughts don t think about something Emotions self regulations your emotions movie Impulse self regulating your impulses urge to act Zeigarnik Effect A tendency to experience automatic intrusive thoughts about a goal whose pursuit has been interrupted Define Zeigarnik Effect Define goal shielding Goal shielding once a person begins to work toward one goal the mind automatically shuts other goals way from consciousness Define the planning fallacy Planning fallacy tendency for people to underestimate how long they will need to complete a task even when they have experience of tasks over running underestimate the time needed Be able to define the what the heck effect What the heck effect attempts to explain the causes of overeating that follows a period of voluntary restriction of food Self control slips away Example Oops I did not mean to eat that big piece of pie There goes my diet Oh well what the heck Since I ve already blown my diet I might as well have another piece Uh oh Not I ve really done it What the heck Might as well keep going 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Non Dieters Dieters Hungry Full Stuffed List and or identify the 4 influences that guide people s choices risk aversion temporal discounting certainty effect keeping options open Risk aversion a preference for a sure outcome over a gamble with higher or equal expected value Temporal discounting pay attention to present over future tendency of people to discount rewards as they approach a temporal horizon in the future or the past tendency to give greater value to rewards as they move away from their temporal horizons and towards the now Certainty effect pay attention to certain things over probable things psychological effect resulted from reduction of probability from certainty to probable Keep options open we like to keep our options open Know the 3 main reasons why people don t choose status quo bias omission bias reactance Status quo bias we like the norm no change Prefer to keep things the way they are Omission bias lazy but don t want to do it the tendency to judge harmful actions as worse or less moral than equally harmful omissions due to the fact that actions are more obcious than inactions Reactance ability to choose is blocked Studies you should know Mischel Baker 1975 Gave 4 yr olds marshmallows Delay of gratification Self control unlimited mallows Self control failure only 1 Gailliot et al 2007 P s watched a video in which random words popped up Some P s told to control themselves by not looking at words P s then given lemonade some with real sugar some with artificial sweetener P s then performed Stroop Task when told not to look at the words and was given Splenda there was more error on stroop over sugar P s Learning Objectives Chapter 5 Social Cognition Define social cognition Social cognition the process by which people think about and make sense of their social environments Know the 2 reasons why people aren t rational A lot of decisions are affected by emotions Emotions cloud our ability to think 1 Pure rationality takes too much effort and energy Using logic reason uses a ton of mental energy Use self control mental energy limited amount of mental resource 2 People are designed to understand social environments not statistics logic and probabilities PEOPLE ARE DESIGNED FOR SOCIAL COGNITION Define cognitive miser Cognitive misers people want to conserve mental resources we want to exert as little mental effort as possible Heuristics mental shortcuts Biases use certain types of information Define attribution Attribution an explanation why we or why others are engaged in a certain behavior Differentiate Heider s 1958 and Weiner s 1972 models of explaining success and failure Heider 1958 External Internal Ability attitudes personality mood effort Task other people luck Weiner 1972 Internal vs External Stable vs Unstable KNOW THIS TABLE Stable Internal Ability Unstable Effort External Task difficulty Luck Know when we attempt to explain other people s behavior When it doesn t fit the expected P s led to expect pos or neg behaviors of an individual P s wrote continuation of sentences about that person Beginning of sentence represented either pos or neg behavior When did continuation represent explanation Differentiate the Fundamental Attribution Error from the Actor Observer Bias Actor observer bias explanations for other people s behaviors and own behavior Fundamental attribution error explanations for other people s behavior Fundamental Attribution Error tendency to make dispositional attributions for others behavior even when plausible situational explanations exist Actor observer bias Tendency to make internal attributions for others behaviors Jon kicked the dog because he s an asshole Tendency to make external attributions for our own behaviors I kicked the dog
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