Unit 3: The SelfBold terms from the reading:-Make sure you have done the reading well. My suggestion is to make flashcards out of all the bold terms as you read each day (or just make a separate list of the bold terms) andmake sure that you can define each bold term, offer examples of each bold term, etc. - Interpersonal self (public self)- the image of the self that is conveyed to others- Agent self (executive function)- the part of the self involved in control, includingboth control over other people and self-control- Self as impulse- a person’s inner thoughts and feelings- Self as institution- the way a person acts in public, especially in official roles- Independent self-construal- a self-concept that emphasizes what makes the self different and sets it apart from others- Interdependent self-construal- a self-concept that emphasizes what connects theself to other people and groups- Social roles- the different roles a person plays, as in a play or a movie- Self- awareness- attention directed at the self- Private self-awareness-looking inward on the private aspects of the self, including emotions, thoughts, desires, and traits- Public self-awareness- looking outward on the public aspects of the self that others can see and evaluate- Standards-ideas (concepts) of how things might possibly be- Public self-consciousness- thinking about how others perceive you- Self-regulation- the process people use to control and change their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors- Looking- glass self- the ideas that people learn about themselves by imagining how they appear to others- Generalized other-a combination of other people’s views that tells you who and what you are- Introspection-the process by which a person examines the contents of his or her mind and mental states- Social comparison- examining the difference between oneself and another person- Upward social comparison-comparing yourself to people better than you- Downward social comparison-comparing yourself to people worse off than you- Self-perception theory- the theory that people observe their own behavior to infer what they are thinking and how they are feeling- Phenomenal self (working self-concept)- the image of self that is currently active in the person’s thoughts- Intrinsic motivation-wanting to perform an activity for its own sake- Extrinsic motivation- performing an activity because of something that results from it- Over justification effect- the tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with rewards- Appraisal motive- the simple desire to learn the truth about oneself, whatever it is- Self-enhancement motive- the desire to learn favorable or flattering things about the self- Consistency motive- a desire to get feedback that confirms what the person already believes about himself or herselfFrom the lectures:- What is the mirror test? What/who passes the mirror test?o Mirror test A measure of self-awareness developed by Gordon Gallup Jr. in 1970 The test gauges self-awareness by determining whether an animal can recognize its own reflection in a mirror as an image of itself This is accomplished by surreptitiously marking the animal with two odorless dye spots The test spot is on a part of the animal that would be visible in front of a mirror, while the control spot is in an accessible but hidden part of the animal’s body Scientists observe whether the animal reacts in a manner consistent with it being aware that the test dye is located on its own body while ignoring the control dye Such behavior might include turning and adjusting of the body in orderto better view the marking in the mirror, or poking at the marking on its own body with a limb while viewing the mirroro Animals that passed the mirror test: All of the great apes: bonobos, chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, and humans, bottlenose dolphins, orcas, elephants, and European Magpies Pigeons though could only detect the spots on their own body after they had been trained to and untrained pigeons have never been able topass the mirror test Humans tend to fail the mirror test until they are about 18 months old, or the “mirror stage" Dogs, cats, and 1 year old children, for example, usually ignore their reflections, while birds often attack their own reflections- Know the 3 parts of the self and what they do (reflexive consciousness, interpersonal tool, executive function)o Three parts of the self Reflexive consciousness- Self-knowledge- Developed beliefs about the self- Fueled by introspection- We can easily generate long lists to the question “who am I?”- Constantly check the development of our selves- Awareness (conscious) of self (reflexive)- Self as primary frame of reference- Self reflecting on the self Interpersonal tool- The public self- The image you try to portray to others- Trying to impress others- How you act will differ based on whether others are present or not- Many emotions indicate the concern we have with how others see us- Relates to the other- Relationships/ interactions- What do you tell people on a first date about yourself? Does this match up with all your self-knowledge, or is it different? Executive function- The self in action- Reflexive consciousness and interpersonal being collided- The self is not a passive function- Agent, controller, decision maker, manager- Makes choices/ sets priorities- Manages self- Stores, organizes, accesses self info- Helps to make decisionso Ex: resist tempting but fatty foods, chose which classes to take, make a promise- Describe and identify examples of the 3 sources of self-knowledge we reviewed (introspection, social comparison, looking glass self)o Introspection Inferences about the self from past behavior Fallacy of introspection- Biased perspective- Are you a good driver?o Reference our behavior in relation to others Back seat driver-we readily notice the errors of others Don’t notice our own errors in driving- unless someone informs uso Social comparison I only know how smart I am if I know how many questions other students got right You facts about yourself, but knowing how you compare gives them meaning - A stopwatch can tell you how many seconds it takes you to get around the track- You only know if you are “fast” when you know whether you crossed the finish line before other peopleo Looking glass self Other people reflect who you are Other people hold up a mirror/ looking
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