Prosocial Behavior Prosocial Behavioral Requirements Intentional unintentional acts don t count Benefit to Others Benefit one or more others including society Not the self Social and interpersonal not self directed Type of Behavior Prosocial Behavior Benevolence Pure Altruism Definition Example Any action intended to benefit another regardless of motive Giving a large tip to a waiter to impress your boss with your generosity Type of Behavior Prosocial Behavior Benevolence Pure Altruism Definition Example Benefits another intentionally for no external reward Sending 20 to a charity to make yourself feel good inside Type of Behavior Prosocial Behavior Benevolence Pure Altruism Definition Example Benefits another intentionally for no external or internal reward Jumping on a railroad track to help a stranger who has fallen Do we help others March 13 1964 Queens NY Kitty Genovese Knifed and Raped Attacker left twice and came back 35 minutes before someone called police Do we help others Jan 13th 1982 Jet crashes into Potomac River A construction worker passing by jumped into freezing river to try to help When do we help When don t we help When do we help Bystander Effect Tendency to be less likely to help as number of other bystanders increases Child abduction video When do we help Darley Latane 1968 P s sat alone in cubicles Thought they were participating in a conversation with 1 other person 2 other people or 5 other people One person mentions during conversation prone to seizures A few minutes later this person has seizure Did they help When do we help l e H h t i p 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 w g n d n o p s e R i 0 1 Minutes from Start of Seizure Only witness 1 of 2 1 of 5 2 3 4 5 When do we help Darley Latane s Model of Bystander Intervention Interpret as emergency 1 Notice situation 2 3 Assume responsibility 4 Know what to do 5 Judge that costs are outweighed by benefits Helping only occurs after all 5 are true When do we help Step 1 Noticing Large of bystanders may interfere with this Distraction Oh pretty birds When do we help Step 2 Interpret as Emergency Pluralistic Ignorance I don t get it Everyone else does I don t get it Everyone else does I don t get it Everyone else does When do we help Step 2 Interpret as Emergency Darley Latane 1968 P s completed questionnaire either alone or in room with 2 other people Smoke pumped into room Did they go get help video Alone 75 went to get help before room was completely filled with smoke With 2 others 90 never went to get help When do we help Step 3 Assume Responsibility Diffusion of Responsibility The belief that others will take responsibility for helping a person in need I m sure someone else will call 911 When do we help Step 4 Know how to help What do I do I m not trained to handle this When do we help Step 5 Judge Costs and Benefits Helping Time Injury Death Worsen Situation Not Helping Guilt Social Disapproval Legal liability Costs Benefits Social Approval Reward Save Time Avoid Injury When do we help Step 5 Judge Costs and Benefits Darley Batson 1973 Seminary students told to learn sermon and go across campus to deliver sermon Some P s told Plenty of time to get there Some P s told Already late P s came across person slumped over in doorway Did they help When do we help Step 5 Judge Costs and Benefits Darley Batson 1973 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 l d e p e H Sermon was on helping Good Samaritan Some literally stepped over him Plenty of Time In a Rush When do we help Kitty Genovese revisited Interpret as emergency 1 Notice situation 2 3 Assume responsibility 4 Know what to do 5 Judge that costs are outweighed by benefits You in the blue shirt I need help Call 911 Why do we help 2 Reasons for helping Egoistic Helping Helping others for benefits to the self Altruistic Helping Helping others for no expected benefit to the self Does altruistic helping occur If so when FRIENDS video Let s assume for now altruism exists Why do we help Empathy Altruism Hypothesis Empathy taking perspective of person in need can produce altruism NOTE empathy IS NOT sympathy Batson et al 1981 Elaine randomly assigned to receive shocks Manipulated Empathy P s asked if they would switch places with Elaine High Empathy More willing to help Why do we help Aversive Arousal Hypothesis Seeing another person in distress is unpleasant so we help to reduce our own unpleasant feelings Batson et al 1981 Manipulated Empathy Manipulated Ease of Escape You can leave if you want Why do we help Batson et al 1981 Easy Escape Difficult Escape Empathy overrules Aversive Arousal l d e p e H 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 High Empathy Low Empathy Why do we help Batson et al 1981 The ease of escape didn t matter in the high empathy condition Participants were LEAST likely to help when they were in the low empathy condition AND could easily escape the situation Why do we help Omoto Snyder 1995 5 reasons for helping volunteering Altruistic Egoistic 1 Values Because I enjoy helping others 2 Community Concern Because of my sense of obligation to the community 3 Understanding To understand problem and what it does to people 4 Personal Development To make new friends and meet new people 5 Esteem Enhancement To feel less lonely Why do we help Omoto Snyder 1995 Measured AIDs workers on these dimensions Compared to a group of people who don t volunteer at all the volunteers listed more altruistic reasons for helping How long did they stay as volunteers Those with egoistic motives worked longer than those with altruistic motives Other Factors influencing Helping Weyant 1978 Mood P s put into happy sad or neutral state Asked to help a non profit organization Some P s asked to help raise money for a Little League low benefit to society or American Cancer Society high benefit to society Some P s asked to sit at donation desk low cost or collect money door to door high cost Did they help Other Factors influencing Helping Hi Benefit Lo Cost Lo Benefit Lo Cost Hi Benefit Hi Cost Lo Benefit Hi Cost Weyant 1978 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 l d e p e H Happy Neutral Sad Other Factors influencing Helping Weyant 1978 Happy participants were more likely to help than neutral participants regardless of the cost benefit conditions However sad participants were MOST likely to help if it was a high benefit and low cost scenario Use helping to get rid of negative affect assuming it doesn t take much effort Other Factors influencing Helping Griskevicius et al 2007 Motivation Some P
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