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IV – controlled or manipulatedColor of T-shirt participants woreDV – measuredAggressionBenefit of random assignment:- The participants who wore black t-shirts and white t-shirts were equal on all other factors except the color they were wearingo People who are naturally aggressive have an equal chance of being in each groupWhich of the following types of studies allows researchers to draw causal conclusions?C) ExperimentalHypotheses are used to test theories.A) True-Theories explain many different observations and they explain the causal relationships that we expect exist.-A hypothesis is derived from a theory and is very specific.Operational Definitions are important!- Some constructs are easier to define than others- What does it mean “to wear black clothes”?- What do we mean by “aggression”? o convert an abstract concept into a NUMBERVALIDITY!The idea of how much your operational definition actually overlaps with what you are trying to measure.Experimental Research – Interpreting ResultsDating study(NB)Interaction: when the effect of one IV on the DV depends on the value (or level) of the other IVMain Effect: When an IV has an effect of similar magnitude and direction across levels of the other IVEthics of Experimental Research- institutional review boards- informed consent- use deception only if essential- protect people from harm- information about participants should remain confidential- debrief participants at endMethods – summary- independent variable (IV) is something that is manipulated- dependent variable (DV) is something that is measured- Correlational studies can determine variables that are related, but cannot determine that one variable CAUSES anothero Experimental lab studies can, however, determine causationRemember James!James represents the typical caseHe is an averageRepresents our best estimate under experimental conditionsHe is NOT an individualDistinct from anecdotes or individual experienceMethods – read chapter 1 for more The coming weeks…- How people know and perceive themselves?- Why do we have emotions?- How do we persuade others?THE SELFBut first..The Triad- Social psychologists are interested in three main aspects of human experience:o Affect – feelings, emotions, mood…o Behavior – observable actionso Cognition – thoughts or mental processesThe Triad! Aggression ExampleResearcher interested in aggression might…A: measurement of heart rate while people watch a violent movieB: measure how many times someone hits a punching bag after being insultedC: ask someone to report their thoughts after performing an aggressive activityThe Self-Concept (or self-knowledge)Who are you? – the informational content we have about our selves“C” of the Triad- constructing the self-concept- four methods…o introspectiono the looking-glass self seeing friends’ or peoples’ reaction to what you are doing and going off of thato self-perception imagining you’re a stranger looking at your own behaviors and going off of what they dseeo vicarious self-perception approaching a new situation and thinking that you are similar with someone youlook up to, so you act how you think they would act in that situation because you think you would be similar in that respect tooIntrospection – looking into the self to find out thingsStudy #1- Bargh, Chen, & Burrows (1996)Condition 1:-the agreed folded is paper-shirt tables his orange was (control conditions/comparison group)Condition 2:-the agreed wrinkled is paper-shirt table his old wasA quick word on priming..-Stimuli encountered in the word activates related concepts in the mind-Seeing snow activates information about ‘snow’ in the mind-activation spreads to all related conceptsCondition 1: neutral wordsCondition 2: elderly related words-gray, wrinkled, senior, old, etc.Condition 2 walked slower!-P’s behaved consistently with elderly stereotypeStart of Lecture 2:Four Ways of Constructing self-concepts- Introspection- Learn from “inner voice”- Lacks a little bit in its utility for explaining WHY we do things The controlled experiments prove this idea- We are, however, very good explaining what we are doing and how we feel about things- The looking – glass selfo We learn from the opinions and/or feedback of friends and family, whether visually, auditor..ally?, lol, etc- Self-Perceptiono Observing yourself from the perspective of a stranger- Vicarious self-perceptiono Change self to mirror “merged” othersSELF-ESTEEM!- Self-concept=knowledge of one’s self- Self-esteem=evaluation of one’s selfo Trait: how good you feel generally. Ex: you generally think positively.. stableo State: how good you feel in the moment ex: your self-esteem goes down a little after a break up Varies (around trait)Measurrring self-esteem- With explicit measureso Self-report- Problemso Self-presentingo Want to see self as good (self-deception)- Thankfully, psychologists developed implicit measures!o Measuring self-esteem via primingo Prime “nurse” (activate) “doctor”o To implicitly measure, we use “me” to see if it’ll prime “good” If after thinking about self for a while(by writing an essay about themselves, looking in a mirror, etc, there are mannny ways!), they are really quick to respond to neg words and really slow to respond to negative words, we think that they have pretty low self-esteem- With computers it can be measured veryyyyyy accurately – millisecond differences often, but detectableo More implicit measures!! The Name Letter Test (NLT)- Source of implicit egotism Signature size! - People with high-self esteem tend to write bigger, so signing the consent form could be a clue on its own Smell-esteem- Explicit vs implicito Explicit measures provide more content specific index of self-esteem How great of a basketball player am i Specific, but susceptible to self-presentationo Implicit measures provide a less biased measure of general positivity How positive do I see myself overall Avoids self-presentation, but not content specificHIGH SELF-ESTEEM AS A PANACAE (panacea means cure-all, antidote to all problems)- Popular- Successful- Talented- Happyo There’s a correlation between people’s self-esteem and ^^ these types of thingsThere was a hugee self-esteem movement esp in the 90s during Fay’s time- But…o Correlation does not imply causation- No differences in…o Intelligence, success, social relationships, attractiveness-


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FSU SOP 3004 - Lecture notes

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