Study Guide for Exam 2-Test will only have Multiple Choice or True/False Questions and will take place on Tuesday, Feb. 28th. The test will be about 40-50 questions and cover all material from reading assignments and lectures through the date of the test. The test will be about 3/4 from lectures, 1/4 from reading assignments. If you have thoroughly filled out everything on the study guide below, you should be prepared for the test.Chapter 4: Behavior ControlBold terms from the reading:-Make sure you have done the reading well. My suggestion is to make flashcards out of all the bold terms as you read each day (or just make a separate list of the bold terms) andmake sure that you can define each bold term, offer examples of each bold term, etc. From the lectures:--Self-Determination Theory – define intrinsic versus extrinsic motivations. Know the benefits of “self-determined” behaviorTwo Motivations: -Extrinsic: originate outside the self (e.g. outside pressure. These actions are felt to be less free)-Intrinsic: originate inside the self (i.e. a deep passion to succeed)“Self-determined” actions are actions endorsed at the highest level of reflection and engaged in the actions with a full sense of choice.Benefits of “self-determined” behavior:-More satisfaction-More interest in what they are doing-More confidants-Perform Better-More creative-Happier and healthier-More creative involving problem solving-Healthier and happier -Never punish a reward--What is the panic button effect?-Having a sense of control-Just knowing you have an out makes things less stressful, even if you never use it (Even if you have it and don’t use it, you’re better off)Glass et al., 1969--Be able to explain reactance theory. What are some of the common consequences of reactance?People hate having Choice Taken Away-Brehm (1966) – people have a negative reaction to having options taken away or freedom reduced-Forbidden option is more attractive-Steps to reassert freedom-Act aggressively towards person who restricted freedomEx. “You can’t date that person”--Be able to define and identify examples of risk aversion, temporal discounting, the certainty effect, keeping options open Risk Aversion:-Avoiding losses matters more than pursuing gains-People are more upset by losing $50 than they are happy about winning $50-What did the class say about this gamble?-Toss coin: You win $5 or you lose $5 60% of students did not playTemporal Discounting:-The further away a payoff is, the less it is worth. -$1000 today is worth $1200 a year from nowCertainty Effect:-The more certain something is, the more it is worth-Kahneman and Tversky (1979) asked students to evaluate insurance costing only 50% of normal, but which would only pay out in 50% of cases (though their premium would be refunded if they did not get thepayout). 80% of students chose to refuse the insurance.B Keeping Options Open:-People tend to prefer to postpone decisions if that will allow them to keep options open-Double majoring-We don’t like to take actions that will close something off-Like to allow something to open other choices -Keeping options open might be part of a broader pattern of decision avoidance-Omission bias – do whatever requires you to do nothing. -Status quo bias – preference to keep things the way they are-Be able to define and give examples of satisficing-Meeting the minimum threshold of acceptability-Some people may be more picky, with less choices-Too many choices too stressed out-Less likely to write an extra credit essay if there are more options --Iyengar and Lepper (1999 & 2000) – Be able to describe their findings, and how they demonstrated why too much choice can be harmful-People less likely to purchase a jam or chocolate or write an optional essay for class if given 24 or 30 options instead of 6. -Reported less satisfaction with choices and wrote lower quality essays if given more choice-Some people may be more picky, with less choices-Too many choices too stressed out--Be able to describe the difference between the goals of Satisficers and Maximizers, and the benefits of taking a satisficing approach to decision-making- Schwartz et al. (2002, 2004b)- Individual differences in people’s tendency to “satisfice” versus “maximize”-Maximization Scale“Whenever I’m faced with a choice, I try to imagine what all the other possibilities are, even ones that aren’t present at the moment.“ “When I watch TV, I channel surf, often scanning through the available options even while attempting to watch one program.” “Renting videos is really difficult. I’m always struggling to pick the best one.” -On Average, Maximizers are:-More Depressed-Less Happy-Less Optimistic-More Regretful-Less Satisfied with life-Lower Self Esteem-When Making Individual Decisions, Maximizers:-Engage in More Social Comparison-Take Longer-Consider More Options-Engage in Counterfactual Thinking-Report More Regret after Choice-Are Less Happy with Choices-Ruminate about Choices-Pick a minimum criteria that makes you happy, after that just stop, don’t obsess (hurts you more psychologically)-Know the definition of self-control-Ability to control & regulate emotions, desires, & behaviors-Overriding short-term desires in favor of long-term benefits-Self’s capacity to alter its own responses-Or the active management of one’s many needs and goals-Marshmallow Video-Know the 4 main domains/categories of self-control (be able to identify examples)1.Thought control-Try not to think about something, or change thoughts2.Affect regulation-Control emotion (control anger bad for blood pressure)3.Impulse control-Immediate impulse from environment (don’t slap someone if they saysomething rude) *marshmallow video4.Performance control-Want a certain grade in a class have to work a certain amount to achieve that grade; regulate your own performance--Describe the findings of the Mischel study1.Tempt people Measure response2.Mischel used 4 yr oldsa. Marshmallow: Wait?b. Follow-up in adulthood-Individuals who waited longer for the marshmallow had attained higher levels of education, had better jobs and earned more money than individuals who just couldn’t wait!!!!!-Predicted later academic and career performance-Recently researchers took our 13-item self-regulation scale and compared it to an IQ test in predicting performanceSR better predictor (even though only a small scale)--Describe and give examples of
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