Social Psychology Exam 4Chapter 10• Aggression is behavior intended to injure anothero Aggression is behavioro The behavior is intendedo The behavior is aimed at hurting another person Assertiveness is behavior intended to express dominance or confidence• Indirect VS Directo Indirect aggression is behavior intended to hurt someone without face-to-face confrontationo Direct aggression is behavior intended to hurt someone to his or her face• Emotional VS Instrumental (Reactive VS Proactive)o Emotional aggression is hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelingso Instrumental aggression is hurting another to accomplish some other goal• Gender differenceso Women tend to use more indirect aggressiono Men tend to use more direct aggressiono High levels of testosterone are related to dominance and aggressiveness Adolescent boys Violent animals Men and women with criminal records• Goals of aggressiono Lorenz, animal instinct Displacement is an indirect expression of an aggressive impulse away from the person or animal that elicited it Catharsis is a discharge of aggressive impulseso Adaptive goals Increases chances of survival and/or reproduction A drive toward “blind aggression: would be maladaptiveo FunctionalSocial Psychology Exam 4 Aggressive impulses are natural People fail to control them• Hostile cognitive bias are inferences and expectation about otherso Hostile attribution bias is the view of ambiguous acts as aggressiveo Hostile perception bias is perceived social interactions as being aggressiveo Hostile expectation bias is to expect others to react aggressively• Frustration- aggression hypothesis is the theory that aggression is an automatic response to any blocking of goal-directed behavioro When someone is acting aggressive, you can assume the person was previously frustratedo When someone is frustrated, some act of aggression will followo Reformed frustrated- aggression hypothesis is the theory that any unpleasant stimulation will lead to emotional aggression to the extent that it generates unpleasant feelings• Social information processing by childreno Non-defensive Less likely to notice a bump from another child Interpret as an accident Consider peaceful solution Likely to rule out as an aggressive response More skilled at carrying out peaceful optionsSocial Psychology Exam 4o Defensive- opposite of Non-defensive• Belief in a dangerous worldo People who believe the world is full of dangerous people tend to perceive anger in neutral faces and exhibit more xenophobia Xenophobia is fear and distrust of foreignerso There are many dangerous people in our society who will attack someone out of pure meanness• Excitation-transfer theory is the theory that anger is physiologically similar to other emotional states and that any form of emotional arousal can enhance aggressive responseso The emotional reaction of anger produces the same symptoms• Type A behavior pattern is a group of personality characteristics, including time-urgency and competitiveness, that is associated with higher risk for coronary diseaseo Type Bs often take a more laid-back approach to deadlines and competition• Unpleasant situationso When feeling pain you are more aggressiveo Sweltering heato Poverty Relative deprivation is the feeling that one has less than the others to whom one compares oneselfo Crowdingo Foul odors• Cognitive-neoassociation theory is that any unpleasant situation triggers a complex chain of internal events, including negative emotions and negative thoughts. Depending on other cues in the situation these feelings will be expressed as either aggression or flighto Unpleasant experience> negative feelings> [angry thoughts> fight] or [fearful thoughts> flight]o Objects or events with aggressive meaning > angry thoughts> [negative feelings] or [fearful thoughts> flight] or [fight]• Weapons effect is the tendency for weapons to enhance aggressive thoughts, feelings, or actionso Berkowitz and LePage’s experiment Angry participants were seated at desk and either guns or sports equipment was present. Participants were told to ignore the items and some had to shock their partners. Those sitting in the presence of guns shocked their partner more• The cycle of frustration and aggressionSocial Psychology Exam 4• Social learning theory is that aggression is learned through direct reward or by watching others being rewarded for aggressiveness• Modeling violenceo Violence in the mediao Meta-analysis shows that exposure to violent media leads to Negative feelings High arousal Aggressive thoughts Aggressive behavioro Bobo doll experiment, for example, when aggression is modeled it causes an increase in aggression• A psychopath is an individual characterized by impulsivity, irresponsibility, low empathy, grandiose self-worth, and lack of sensitivity to punishmento Such individuals are inclined toward acting violently for personal gain• Alcohol lowers inhibitionso Reduces activity in the prefrontal cortexo Reduces attentional breadth Alcohol myopia• Cultural influenceo Culture of honor is a set of societal norms whose central idea is that people should be ready to defend their honor with violent retaliation if necessaryo Areas with relatively little government oversighto Property can be easily stolen• De-individuation is that people are more likely to be violent when in a crowd than when they are not identified• Gaining of maintaining social statuso Sexual selection is a form of natural selection favoring characteristics that assist animals in attracting mates or in competing with members of their own sex Differential parental investment is the principle that animals making higher investment in their offspring will be more careful in choosing matesSocial Psychology Exam 4o Testosterone In boys aged 9 to 11, higher testosterone levels are associated with more aggressive behaviors Prison inmates with higher testosterone levels have more confrontations with prison authorities Among 4462 veterans, those with high levels of testosterone were more likely to have trouble with the law• General aggression hypothesiso Provocation, gender/hormones, and modeling all lead to aggressive behaviors• Statuso Status-driven aggression should also be enhanced when females are hard to come by but reduced when a man has succeeded in the goal of attracting a mateo People with generally high
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