CHAPTER 9 Prejudice AS ALWAYS BE ABLE TO APPLY ALL OF THESE CONCEPTS TO YOUR LIFE 1 What are the definitions of prejudice stereotyping and discrimination How do they differ o Prejudice a generalized negative attitude toward members of a group o Stereotype a generalized belief about members of a group o Discrimination behaviors directed toward people on the basis of their group 2 Are stereotypes always negative Always wrong Always conscious membership o Not necessarily Ex NOT NEGATIVE women nurturing Ex NOT WRONG women tend to be more nurturing than men 3 What is the difference between traditional and modern discrimination o Traditional school voting basic civil rights o Modern jobs social more subtle but just as damaging 4 What is aversive racism How does that relate to the Frey and Gartner 1986 study and when would we expect to see aversive racism o Aversive racism alternating positive and negative responses to black people Try to justify negative feelings with a non racist reason o Frey Gartner white female undergrads worked on a scrabble like task within a group setting in which the opportunity arose for them to help either a white or black coworker In some cases the coworker required help due to difficulty of the task external cause whereas in other cases this person s own lack of motivation internal cause necessitated the need for assistance Additionally the request for help came either from the coworker herself or from another person who requested aid on her behalf It was expected that when the coworker caused her own difficulties with the task she would be relatively undeserving of assistance and there would be an excuse to avoid helping her However if the request for aid came from a third party this would heighten normative beliefs more likely to help because it seemed like a social norm about the appropriateness of helping Thus only in the condition where the black coworker asked for help directly and her difficulty was caused by internal factors would discriminatory behavior be possible without implying prejudice on the part of the participants In the other cases there would be a more obvious violation of normative demands that would signal racist attitudes The results strongly supported this reasoning Offers to help and the quality of help offered were all lower for the black coworker who was responsible for her own need of assistance and directly asked for help Supports the idea of aversive racism because the helper justified not helping the person by believing they were just lazy or unmotivated not because they were black 5 What are benevolent and hostile sexism o Benevolent paternal women are seen as virtuous or fragile put on a pedestal o Hostile angry responses to feminism and female dominance 6 What are the social origins of prejudice How do they help perpetuate it From the text o Unequal status prejudice helps justify economic social superiority of those with wealth and power use prejudicial beliefs to justify privileged position Social dominance orientation a motivation to have one s group dominate o Socialization prejudice stems from acquired values ex family cultural or other social groups religious beliefs Ethnocentrism believing in the superiority of one s own ethnic cultural group and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups Authoritarian personality personality disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups those lower in status o Social institutions display prejudice through overt policies or unintentionally reinforcing the status quo 7 Know the 3 parts of Social Identity Theory How does SIT relate to prejudice o SIT the we aspect of our self concept our identity comes from our group memberships 1 We categorize labeling is a shorthand way to say other things about a person 2 We identify associate with certain groups ingroups and gain self esteem our identities by doing so 3 We compare contrast our groups with other groups outgroups with a favorable bias toward our own group o SIT relates to prejudice because when one strongly identifies with the ingroup there is a strong outgroup prejudice o When self esteem is threatened people derogate outgroup members 8 What are the methods and findings of Tajfel Wilkes 1963 categorization study What does this tell us about how people perceive group differences think accentuation and outgroup homogeneity o Participants were showed 8 lines of different lengths and were asked to estimate their lengths in centimeters The experimental group saw the lines in two categories the shortest 4 lines were categorized into group A and the longest 4 lines were group B The participants perceived the lines in group A as highly similar to each other and those in group B to be highly similar to each other They also overestimated the differences in lengths between the two groups o This supports the idea that people in groups are seen as more similar to one another overestimation of similarity within groups as well as the idea that people exaggerate differences between different groups o Outgroup homogeneity people perceive members of an outgroup as more similar than members of the ingroup 9 What is an illusory correlation o Perception of a relationship where none exists or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists 10 Be able to describe the methods and results of Hamilton Gifford s 1976 study on illusory correlations What do they tell us about how we perceive the behavior of others o Participants were introduced to two groups A larger B smaller and read sentences containing positive or negative behaviors for each person in both groups Both groups contained an equal ratio of positive to negative behaviors but participants overestimated the smaller group B s tendency to perform negative behaviors o Results show the participants saw an illusory correlation o Implications Negative behaviors tend to be relatively infrequent Members of minority groups performing such infrequent behaviors will be particularly distinctive noticeable and memorable As a result their group may be viewed as particularly likely to perform such a negative behaviors even if it is not 11 What is the two stage activation model Devine 1989 o Activation automatic perceive a stereotype o Application controlled whether the person chooses to apply the stereotypes 12 What are the methods and results from Wittenbrink et al 1997 and Gilbert Hixon 1991 both studies What does these studies tell us about the two stage activation
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