Unit 2: Study GuideSOP 3004 Mr. Christopher BeckEmotionsKey Terms/Concepts:- Emotion- A specific (conscious?) evaluative reaction to some event. - Mood- General disposition or state. - Affect- Valence of evaluation toward an event. o Causes spikes in physiological arousal. - Misattribution of Arousal- when people make incorrect implications to what is making them feelthe way they are. - Emotions and Behaviors (2 views)o Old view: Emotions are bi-dimensional. Effect on behavior depends on these levels. Arousal Valenceo New view: Domain specificity. Effect of emotion is dependent upon specific emotion. Emotion serves to motivate behavior (most of the time). Disgust—Avoid Sadness—Seek social support Sexual Arousal—Find a partner Love—Maintain relationshipPeople/ Studies To Know: - Antonio Damasio o Studied patients with damage to the pre-frontal cortex.o Patients show no arousal in response to dramatic images.o What happens when given Iowa Gambling Task? Control participants learned to avoid risky decks—felt twinges of affect. Brain damaged patients never learned—don’t learn to anticipate loss (punishment) and cannot make everyday decisions. - Theories of Emotiono James Lange Theory: Stimulus—Physiological Arousal—Emotion (X)o Cannon-Bard Theory: Stimulus (X)o Schacter-Singer Theory: Stimulus - White et al. (1981)o Men ran in place for 15 seconds or 120 seconds.o Then saw a video of an attractive woman or unattractive women they expected to meet.Physiological ArousalCognitive Appraisal Physiological ArousalEmotion Cognitive Appraisalo Found that subjects who were aroused from exercising liked an attractive female confederate more than subjects who were not aroused and disliked unattractive confederate more than subjects who were not aroused. - Becker et al. (2006)o Participants asked to categorize faces by facial expression.o Some faces were male—some femaleo Found that people find it easier to detect anger on men and happiness on women.o Also women are better able at identifying other’s emotions. Chapter 4: Attitudes and Behavior Key Terms/Concepts:- Attitude- A favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone (often rooted in one’s sown beliefs, and exhibited in one’s feelings and intended behavior). o Sources: Affect, Cognition, Behavior…- The Mere Exposure Effect- Favorability greatly increases with greater exposure. (Develop pleasant association with the stimulus). - Implicit Association Test (IAT)- A computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes. The test uses reaction times to measure people’s automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluate words. Easier pairings (and faster responses) are taken to indicate stronger unconscious associations. - Role- A set of norms that define how people in a given social position ought to behave. - Foot-in-the Door Phenomenon- The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small requestto comply later with a larger request. - Lowball Techniques- A tactic for getting people to agree to something. People who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante. People who receive ONLY the costly request are LESS likely to comply. - Attitudes-Follow-Behavior Principal and Morals- Works with both moral and immoral acts. o Example: After telling a little “white lie” and thinking “well, that wasn’t so bad,” the person may go on and tell a bigger lie. - Cognitive Dissonance- Tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions. - Selective Exposure- The tendency to seek information and media that agree with one’s views and to avoid dissonant information. - Insufficient Justification- Reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’s behavior when external justification is “insufficient.” - Self-Perception Theory- The theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them as much as would someone observing us—by looking at out behavior and the circumstance under which it occurs.o Says nothing about tension being aroused when our actions and attitudes are not in harmony (different from dissonance).- Classical Conditioning- Pairing something we already like/dislike with something neutral. Previous stimulus is now associated with good/bad feelings. (Learned Association). - Operant Conditioning- Develop a positive attitude toward behaviors that are rewarded.- Social Learning- Learn attitudes through observation. - Attitude Polarization- Attitudes become more extreme by convincing ourselves they are right. - Explicit Attitudes- Controlled and conscious evaluative responses.- Implicit Attitudes- Automatic and non-conscious evaluative responses.- Developmental Source Hypothesis- Implicit attitudes stem from past (likely forgotten) experiences during childhood. Explicit attitudes stem from recent experiences.- Facial Feedback Effect- The tendency of facial expressions to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger or happiness.- Overjustification Effect- The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing. - Self-Affirmation Theory- A theory that: A) People often experience a self-image threat after engaging in an undesirable behavior and B) They can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self. - Cognition and Attitude- People like information that is easier to process. They dislike more difficult, negative, and ugly information. Also, if it is easy to read, people form more positive attitudes towards it: like it more, trusts it more and think it’s easier. (Think of reading a difficult vs. an easy recipe)People/ Studies To Know: - Lord, Ross and Lepper (1979)o Participants were extremely pro or anti capital punishment. o They read 2 studies – one pro and one anti—on capital punishment.o Did they change their views in face of mixed evidence? NO! They became more in favor of their initial stance. (Think Attitude Polarization)- LaPierce (1934)o Traveled with Asian couple and expected anti-Asian attitudes would produce discrimination. Yet, the vast majority of hotels allowed them to stay.o He wrote hotels months later, asking if they would accommodate Asians? 90% said “no.”o Proved that prevailing attitudes did not predict behavior.- Regan and Fazio (1977)o Housing crisis at Cornell. o Some students in permanent housing vs.
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