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Test 2 Study Guide CH 4 6 8 and Emotions Emotions 1 Affect a The emotional feeling tone or mood attached to an event or thought b Affect is the valence of evaluation towards an event It can either be positive or negative Causes spike is physiological arousal c Patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex are not aroused when presented with dramatic images They also have trouble making everyday decisions d Affect teaches us avoid risky situations because of the possible punishment Patients with prefrontal cortex damage never learn this a Emotion is a specific evaluative reaction to an event Mood is a general 2 Theories of Emotion disposition or state b James Lange Theory i ii iii iv i ii i ii iii iv v Incorrect Our experience of emotions is our awareness of physiological responses to emotionally arousing stimuli Emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events External stimulus Physiological reaction Interpretation of physical reactions Emotional reaction c Cannon Bard Theory Incorrect Emotions arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion iii We feel emotions and experience the physiological reactions simultaneously So we react to the stimulus and feel the emotion at the same time d Schachter Singer Theory Correct To experience emotion one must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the arousal AKA two factor theory of emotion Physiological arousal and cognitive labeling are the two main components of emotion Feeling arousal is not enough we must also identify the arousal to experience an emotion vi Stimulus Physiological Arousal Cognitive Appraisal Emotion e Misattributing Arousal i When we mistake what is causing us to be aroused ii When arousal arises for one reason but we give it another cognitive label so it produces a different reaction than it would if it was labeled correctly iii We tend to mistake fear arousal for romantic arousal 3 Emotions and Behavior a Old View Emotions are bi dimensional Arousal Valence The effect on behavior depends on these levels b New View Domain Specificity i ii iii i ii The effect of the emotion is dependent on that specific emotions Emotions motivate behavior 1 Disgust Avoid disease 2 Sadness Seek social support 3 Sexual Arousal Find a romantic partner 4 Love Maintain a relationship 4 Emotional Expression and Perception a Emotional expressions are universal because they are functional and necessary for survival b People are usually very good at identifying emotion Cross culturally and cross species as well Expectations and stereotypes affect our perception of emotions Our own emotional state also affects perception i ii iii iv Women are quicker and better at judging emotions 5 Displaying Emotion a Factors affecting emotional display i ii iii Cultural differences Power differences Gender differences b Displaying emotion is not the same as what we feel CH 4 1 Attitudes a An evaluative reaction toward someone or something It could be favorable unfavorable indifferent ambivalent etc b Attitudes are different than beliefs c Attitudes are poor predictors of behaviors changing attitudes does not cause a change in behavior d Our attitudes will predict our behavior is other influences are minimized the attitude corresponds closely with the predicted behaviors and the attitude is potent e Attitudes come from i ii iii Affect A person s feelings or emotions about the subject Behavior The way the attitude we have influences how we act and behave Cognition The person s beliefs or knowledge about the subject f Feelings influence attitudes because they are evaluative reactions g The Mere Exposure Effect Likeability increases with more exposure i ii More pleasant associations develop iii Subliminal exposure has this effect as well 2 Cognition and Attitude a Cognition influences attitudes 3 Behaviorally Based Attitudes i ii People have beliefs about the properties of the subject People like information that is easier to process 1 Negative and ugly things are harder to process 2 If something is easier to read then people will have more positive attitudes towards it They think it is true and enjoy reading it more Ie when a recipe is easier to people rate it as half as difficult and day it will take half as long They also are more willing to try it 3 iii Rhyming is easier to read and easier to remember so people think a rhyming statement is more true a An attitude based on observations of how one behaves towards the subject b Self Perception Theory People do not know how they feel until they see how they behave i ii i i c Classical conditioning is behavioral attitude formation Pair something we already like or dislike with a neutral stimuli Once we learn the association the previously neutral stimuli will now be associated with the good or bad feelings d Operant Conditioning Developing a positive attitude towards behaviors that are rewarded e Social Learning Learn attitudes through observation ie You see others having fun playing a game and you think you will have fun as well 4 Consequences of Attitudes a They tend to cause bias b Attitude Polarization Our attitudes become more extreme by convincing ourselves that we are right c Attitudes are strong vested interests 5 Measuring Attitudes a Dual Attitudes i Explicit Attitudes Controlled and conscious evaluative responses 1 Predicted verbal behavior and explicit behavior 2 Come from recent experiences 3 You can simply just ask for an explicit attitudes because they are affected by social desirability They are measured in creative ways ii Implicit Attitudes Autonomic unconscious evaluative responses 1 Predicted non verbal behavior 2 Come from early experiences iii i There is a weak relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes is very weak potentially because of social desirability b IAT tests measures these by measuring accuracy and reaction time The easier pairings and faster responses are taken to indicated stronger unconscious associations c GNAT tests measure implicit attitudes by only hitting space bar when you see positive words or attractive women i Priming is also used d Developmental Source Hypotheses Implicit attitudes stem from past and are likely forgotten experiences of childhood Explicit attitudes come from recent experiences 6 Cognitive Dissonance a When behaviors and attitudes are inconsistent causes cognitive dissonance which is an unpleasant state of psychological arousal which makes us change


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FSU SOP 3004 - Test 2

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Emotions

Emotions

12 pages

Notes

Notes

9 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

8 pages

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Exam 1

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Exam 3

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Exam 3

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Morality

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Exam 4

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Test 2

Test 2

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Chapter 4

Chapter 4

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Prejudice

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Exam 3

Exam 3

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TEST 1

TEST 1

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EXAM 3

EXAM 3

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Exam 3

Exam 3

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Exam 4

Exam 4

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Attitudes

Attitudes

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Test 2

Test 2

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Test 2

Test 2

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Exam 1

25 pages

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1

13 pages

Chapter 4

Chapter 4

14 pages

Notes

Notes

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Chapter 1

Chapter 1

10 pages

Chapter 7

Chapter 7

10 pages

Notes

Notes

9 pages

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