SOP3004 Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter Four Choices and Actions Define self regulation Capacity to alter its own responses self control The process people use to control and change their thoughts feelings and behaviors Know the 3 major components of self regulation Standards Monitoring Ideas of how things could be Conceptions of how things might or should be Keeping track of behaviors or responses Test operate test exit Keeping track of the behaviors and responses you want to regulate Feedback loop Capacity for change Operates like a strength or energy Willpower Good relationships Success Eating behavior change Drug alcohol consumption Know some of the outcomes that are associated with self regulation Know some outcomes that are associated with self regulation failure Less criminality Better mental health STDs Domestic Abuse Differentiate the two types of self regulation failure Misregulation Underregulation Regulating in the wrong domains Misunderstanding or miscalculating Not regulating enough loss of attention lack of self regulatory strength Explain the limited resource model of self regulation All types of control rely on one limited energy source Describe and differentiate 4 different types of self control behavior thought emotion impulse Behavior Thought Emotion Impulse Example squeeze a handgrip for a certain amount of time Example suppress thoughts about polar bears Example suppress emotional reaction to a movie Example resist eating chocolates Know what biological resource is being depleted when engaging in self regulation Glucose fuel for the brain Identify ways to improve your self regulation Change situation to require less energy Strive for delayed gratification Avoid alcohol when you want to regulate Make behavior automatic Know two ways in which people can achieve their goals Goal Setting Goal pursuit Set specific and reachable goals Goal dominates information processing Define Zeigarnik Effect A tendency to experience automatic intrusive thoughts about a goal whose pursuit has been interrupted Define goal shielding Once a person begins to work towards one goal the mind automatically shuts other goals away from consciousness Occurs when the activation of a focal goal the person is working on inhibits its accessibility of alternative goals Define the planning fallacy unexpected problems Be able to define the what the heck effect Tendency for plans to be overly optimistic because the planner fails to allow for You have a little slip and then before you know it your self control is slipping One bite of ice cream and then next thing you know half the container is gone away List and or identify the 4 influences that guide people s choices risk aversion temporal discounting certainty effect keeping options open Risk aversion People are more affected by possible losses than by possible gains What happens right now weighs more heavily than what might happen in the Temporal discounting future The certainty effect Place too much emphasis on definite outcomes Keeping options open Postpone hard decisions Know the 3 main reasons why people don t choose status quo bias omission bias reactance Status quo bias Omission Bias anything Reactance Theory Preference to keep things the way they are rather than change Tendency to take whatever course of action doesn t require you to do Idea that people are distressed by loss of freedom or options and seek to reclaim or reassert them Studies you should know Mischel Baker 1975 Gave fours year olds marshmallows to delay gratification The children with self control kept taking marshmallows The children without self control self control failure took only one marshmallow Gailliot et al 2007 Participants were told to watch a video where random words popped up some were told not to look at the words After the video some participants were given lemonade with real sugar and some were given lemonade with artificial sweetener and then performed a stroop task Stroop task name color of word ignore what word says The people who couldn t look at the words and had artificial sweetener in their lemonade made more mistakes on the stroop task Chapter 5 Social Cognition Define social cognition environments Process by which people think about and make sense of their social Movement in the 1970s that focused on thoughts about people and about social relationships Know the 2 reasons why people aren t rational Pure rationality takes too much effort energy People aren t rational probabilities Define cognitive miser People are designed to understand social environments not statistics logic and People want to use the least amount of cognitive resources People s reluctance to do much extra thinking Define attribution An explanation of why we or others engage in certain behavior Cognitive process of assigning meaning to a symptom or behavior Differentiate Heider s 1958 and Weiner s 1972 models of explaining success and failure Heider Weiner Some explanations are internal some are external Internal ability attitudes personality mood effort External task other people luck Stable vs Unstable Stable can happen again Unstable changes Know when we attempt to explain other people s behavior When their behavior doesn t line up with what we expect Differentiate the Fundamental Attribution Error from the Actor Observer Bias Fundamental Attribution Error Tendency to make dispositional attributions for others behavior even when plausible situational explanations exist ONLY about other people s behavior Actor Observer Bias Tendency to make internal attributions for others behaviors Tendency to make external attributions for our own behaviors Others and our own behavior Determine internal and external attributions from Kelley s Covariation Model 3 types of relevant information when explaining the actions of others Consistency Distinctiveness Consensus Does the actor behave similarly in this situation on other occasions Does the actor behave similarly in other situations Do others behave similarly in that situation Shows that you cannot explain behavior based on a single incident Differentiate discounting and augmenting Discounting As number of external causes for a behavior increases confidence in internal cause decreases Augmenting If behavior occurs despite strong opposing forces we become more confident in an internal cause Define heuristic and know some of the common heuristics and fallacies availability simulation anchoring adjustment conjunction fallacy representativeness base
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