Joshua Green Book Moral tribes 1 We have an automatic and manual moral setting 2 auto matic setting works well within a moral tribe but not among other moral tribes 3 should shift to manual when we create moral systems for multiple tribal groups Utilitarianism Proposed by Jeremy Bentham the best most moral behavior in any situation is the behavior that must increase or decreases the least the average happiness of all people opposite of deontology concerned with outcome of actions consequentialism Deontological morality Moral not depending on consequences some actions may be wrong regardless of consequences I E incest might just be wrong because of what it is and not its outcome Concerned with the action itself some things are right wrong regardless of conse quences Moralistic fallacy The argument that because something would be terrible of true then it must be false Conformation Bias The mother of error The tendency of people to favor information that con firms their belies or hypothesis and disregard the rest Scientific Deals with observable measurable or quantifiable data and is falsifiable I E The same force that pulls and apple to the earth also guides the moon around the earth Moral should I steal bread to feed my family Aesthetic A conception of what is artistically valid or beautiful what is better a burrito or a taco The breakfast club is better than Ferris Bueller s day off Existential philosophical operates on the belief that inner conflict within a person is due to that individual s confrontation with the givens of existence what is the meaning ind life to be kind and charitable Perter Singer 1 our evolutionary history can tell us how we should behave is ought 2 Al though reasons to produce sound moral judgment may not have evolved we have a need for confutative consistency that allows reason to advance morality 3 we have a moral circle of sym pathy and this moral circle has been expanding Pre Conventional Level 1 Moral agent begins by reasoning about punishment and obedi ence eating human flesh is bad because people will punish you moral agent focuses on self interest because people wont like you and not being liked sucks Conventional Level 2 Moral agent begins focusing on conformity eating human flesh is bad because everyone else thinks it is Then focuses on law and order because its Illegal Post Conventional Level 3 Moral agent begins focusing on human rights eating human flesh is bad because humans should not be eaten Last the moral agent develops universal ethic eating human flesh is okay if the family agrees to it after the loved one has past we should respect their wishes as long as they don t hurt others Kohlberg developed a stage theory of morality as we grow we progress from one stage moral reasoning to the next Descriptive morality the study description and explanation of morality as it actually exists we might say it is wrong to eat human flesh weather or not we agree that it should be wrong this is an accurate descriptive claim we may study WHY people think this though Normative Morality Description of how we ought to behave regardless of how we behave Morality Differentiation of intentions actions and behaviors into those that are good and bad Relational aggression Woman are competitive and aggressive but differently from men harm is cause though damage to relationship social status Withdraw attention and support not pro viding emotional support for a friend Exclusion Reputation damage spending rumors Culture of honor reputations are important and men quickly retaliate against threat to reputa tion like in the wild west they gun fight over honor Compliance publicly changing beliefs of behaviors because of group pressures orders from an authority figure does NOT involve internalization person does NOT believe action belief is now right Ingratiational conformity conforming to impress people or gain favor related to normative but more about obtaining status favors may involve internalization but often doesn t I e you drink to impress a group avoid loss of status Informational conformity looking to a group for beliefs and behavior to guide ones own be haviors often occurs when one lack relevant information or is an ambiguous confusing situa tion behaving as the group does because of ambiguous situation or lack of strong belief Normative conformity conforming because the person is afraid of getting rejected or insulted by a group may or may not be internalized the individual actually may believe the value truth of the behavior involves acting professing beliefs Thrivers Theory parental investment 2 sexes unequally divide paternal investment typically females provide more parental investment than males unequal investment in gametes sex cells paved the way for this Anisogamy different sized sex cells gametes like the large egg and the much smaller sperm INTRAsexual selection form of sexual sexual selection driven by competition for mates men violently compete for woman which leads to the development of weapons like horns to fight intA aggression INTERsexual selection this form is driven by choice of the other sex gaudy raids used to al lure the opposite sex like the male peacock feathers intE enticing the mate Out group homogeneity tendency of people to believe that members of an out goup are more similar to each other than members of an in group Robers cave study 22 white 5th grade boys split into two groups encouraged to bond both are unaware of the other group boys eventually develop a hierarchy and give their group a name later the 2 group interact and compete over limited resources they become hostile each things their own group has better people and is better overall then a problem arrises and forces the boys to work together Ecological dominance and social competition unusual traits humans posses a suite of un usual traits 1 Highly intelligent 2 Highly cooperative Ecological dominance step 1 hominoids were subjected to frequent attacks from predators IE large cats Morality rates were high big cats were the strongest selection pressures human developed skills to fight back morality rates by starvation attacks drops step two social competition morality rates are low humans became their own hostile force then locked in a competitive battle with each other pressure to become more intelligent and at tempt to think of what the other person which you are battling with is thinking Nicholas Humphrey proposed that out species remarkable intelligence evolved in a
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