Study Guide for Exam 4 Cover units 12 13 8 and 14 UNIT 12 CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS BOLD TERMS special person relationship succeed and BP Passionate Love AKA romantic love strong feelings of longing desire and excitement toward a Companionate Love AKA affectionate love mutual understanding and caring to make the Passion an emotional state characterized by high bodily arousal such as increased heart rate Intimacy a feeling of closeness mutual understanding and mutual concern for each other s welfare and happiness Commitment a conscious decision that remains constant Exchange relationships relationships based on reciprocity and fairness in which ppl expect something in return of something in return Communal Relationships relationships based on mutual love and concern without expectation Attachment theory a theory that classifies ppl into 4 attachment styles secure preoccupied dismissing avoidant and fearful avoidant based on 2 dimensions anxiety avoidance Secure Attachment style of attachment in which ppl are low on anxiety and low on provide receive avoidance they trust their partners share their feelings support comfort and enjoy their relationships Preoccupied Attachment Anxious Ambivalent style o f attachment in which ppl are low on avoidance but high on anxiety they want enjoy closeness but their relationship partner will abandon them worry Dismissing Avoidant Attachment style of attachment in which ppl are low on anxiety but high on avoidance they tend to view partners as unreliable unavailable and uncaring Fearful Avoidant Attachment ppl have both high anxiety and high avoidance they have low opinions of themselves and keep others from keeping close Self Acceptance regarding yourself as being a reasonably good person as you are Investment Model theory that uses 3 factors satisfaction alternatives and investments to explain why people stay with their long term relationship partners Relationship Enhancing style of Attribution tendency of happy couples to attribute their partner s good acts to internal factors and bad acts to external factors Distress Maintaining style of attribution tendency for unhappy couples to attribute their partner s good acts to external factors and bad acts to internal factors Social Constructionist Theories theories asserting that attitudes behaviors including sexual desire and sexual behavior are strongly shaped by culture and socialization Evolutionary Theory theory of sexuality asserting that the sex drive has been shaped by natural selection and that its forms thus tend to be innate Social Exchange Theory theory that seeks to understand social behavior by analyzing the costs and benefits of interacting with each other It assumes that sex is a resource that women have and men want Coolidge Effect the sexuality arousing power of a new partner greater than the appeal of a familiar partner and situational forces Erotic Plasticity the degree to which the sex drive can be shaped and altered by social cultural Extradyadic Sex having sex with someone other than one s regular relationship partner such as spouse gf bf Unmarried dating partners who have sex with other people on the side Social Reality beliefs held in common by several or many people public awareness Double Standard condemning women more than men for the same sexual behaviors Reverse Double Standard condemning men more than women for the same sexual behavior READING 1 Attachment style ABOVE 2 Define the original 3 main types of attachment style anxious ambivalent avoidant and secure 1 Anxious Ambivalent clingy type who want to be as close as possible problems stem from the fact that others don t want to be as close as they do 2 Avoidant ppl who are uncomfortable when others want to get too close maintain distance b t themselves and others 3 Secure comfortable balance person is happy to be close intimate and does not worry about being abandoned or hurt 3 Define the 4 types of attachment in the revised model and know how they differ on each of the 2 dimensions of anxiety and avoidance 1 Preoccupied or Anxious Ambivalent High on Anxiety negative attitude towards self and Low on Avoidance negative attitude towards others 2 Fearful Avoidant High on anxiety and high on avoidance 3 Secure Low on anxiety low on avoidance 4 Dismissing Avoidant Low on anxiety high on avoidance 4 What is a social constructionist theory of sexuality Theories asserting that attitudes behaviors including sexual desire and sexual behavior are strongly shaped by culture and socialization Cultural forces and socialization shape how people assign meaning to their lives Acknowledges that there may be some biological foundations to sex but most forms of sexual desire as seen as the result of cultural conditioning 5 What is an evolutionary theory of sexuality Theory of sexuality asserting that the sex drive has been shaped by natural selection and that its form thus tends to be innate Sees gender differences as rooted in biology and is less flexible and less influenced by politics and culture than the social constructionist theory 6 Describe the basic tenets of Bem s theory on sexuality EBE Exotic becomes erotic Based on Schachter s theory of emotion which holds that emotions arise when ppl have a bodily response of arousal and then put a label on it Bem proposed that there is NOT a specific gene for homosexuality but there are genetic contributions to temperament During childhood boys are familiar to other boys but girls are considered exotic This in return makes them feel nervous and spend more time with girls labels this response as sexual arousal For Bem s theory a similar process happens with homo but during childhood the ppl typically play with the opposite gender more than their own Last crucial step is that the labeling of nervousness as sexual arousal leading to homo self identification 7 Describe the basic tenets of Diamond s 2 systems theory of sexuality Diamond s basic point is that humans form relationships based on 2 separate systems which can reinforce each other or be in conflict 1 Attachment system an urge to connect and form close social bonds with a few individuals 2 Sex Drive based on principles of mating Diamond states that evolution prob Shaped the sex drive to focus on the opposite gender b c they can only create children The attachment drive is gender neutral 8 Also know answers to the following questions from the book 1 Do men have a stronger sex drive than women YES 2 Who can more easily enjoy love without
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