TEST 4 STUDY GUIDE created by Michael MacKenzie Aggression chapter 10 aggression definition what is and what is not considered aggression Aggression is any BEHAVIOR INTENDED to harm another person who is motivated to avoid harm Aggression is a behavior not a thought or emotion Victim must want to avoid harm Aggression is an evolved tool it can be used to acquire material resources status and mates Aggressive impulses are natural Aggressive acts frequently fail to produce the intended desired consequences and often bring about serious unintended consequences mostly antisocial ones Aggression is universal but cultural rules restrict and govern aggression in different ways Aggression evolved to help social animals deal with their social lives but culture as a better way of being social offers new nonviolent ways of resolving conflicts and problems how individual differences are related to aggression particularly narcissism and psychopathy empathy gender and testosterone young male syndrome placebo group narcissism testosterone leads to direct aggression there is no known culture where women commit more violence than men ex rats were pumped with testosterone and they were more aggressive than those in superiority and entitlement The term narcissism describes the condition of thinking oneself superior or special feeling entitled to preferential treatment being willing to exploit others having low empathy with lesser human beings and entertaining grandiose fantasies or other ideas about oneself as a great person aggression involves wounded pride so narcissists are especially likely to become aggressive psychopathy they have low empathy so they are less likely to feel bad lack basic affective responses when people are more or less likely to use aggression people are more likely to use aggression when its hot have a lot of testosterone men are more likely to use physical aggression females are more likely to use relational social aggression behavior that involves intentionally harming another person s social relationships feelings of acceptance or inclusion within a group when a weapon is around weapons effect violent media alcohol less likely to use aggression high levels of serotonin high self control potential evolutionary functions of aggression to acquire material resources finding mates acquiring status the Frustration Aggression Hypothesis and the reformulated revised version frustration aggression hypothesis proposal that the occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration and the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression the reformulated version says any unpleasant experience pain frustration or heat leads to negative feelings which leads to REACTIVE aggression all the different types of aggression active passive direct indirect reactive proactive be able to identify what types of aggression are being used in examples displaced aggression any behavior that intentionally harms a substitute target rather than the provocateur present absent direct aggression any behavior that intentionally harms another person who is physically example pushing hitting kicking punching shoving a person indirect aggression any behavior that intentionally harms another person who is physically examples spreading rumors or lies exposing secrets about a person ignoring or betraying the person building an alliance that excludes the person reactive aggression also called hostile aggression hot impulsive angry behavior motivated by a desire to harm someone example the hulk gets mad and explodes into anger proactive aggression also called instrumental aggression cold premeditated calculated harmful behavior that is a means to some practical or material end example planning out to kill someone for money violence aggression that has as its goal extreme physical harm such as injury or death active aggression doing something like punching passive aggression wearing shirts that are passive like I leave the toilet seat up not directly starting conflict social learning theory on aggression and Bobo doll study social learning theory aggression is not an innate drive like hunger in search of gratification People learn aggressive behaviors the same way they learn other social behaviors by direct experience and by observing others In social learning theory the shift is from internal causes to external ones When people observe and copy the behavior of others this is called modeling Modeling can weaken or strengthen aggressive responding If the model is rewarded for behaving aggressively further aggression both by the model and by the observer becomes more likely If the model is punished for behaving aggressively further aggression becomes less likely Bobo doll study supports social learning theory RESULTS Children exposed to aggressive models behaved more aggressively than did children exposed to nonaggressive models or no models Albert Bandura and his colleagues allowed preschool children to watch either an aggressive adult role model a nonaggressive model or no model The aggressive model abused a large inflated clown called a Bobo doll The model laid the Bobo doll on its side sat on it punched it repeatedly in the nose and said Sock him in the nose The model then beat the doll on the head with a mallet and said Hit him down The model tossed the doll up in the air and said Throw him in the air The model kicked the doll about the room saying Kick him and Pow In contrast the nonaggressive model played with nonviolent toys the entire time so children in that condition saw no aggressive activity After 10 minutes the experimenter entered the room informed the child that he or she would now go to another game room and said good bye to the model The other room contained both aggressive toys a Bobo doll a mallet and pegboard dart guns and a tetherball with a face painted on it and some nonaggressive toys a tea set crayons and paper a ball dolls teddy bears cars and trucks and plastic farm animals The children who had watched the aggressive model showed the highest levels of aggression Moreover models don t need to be live to be influential Bandura and his colleagues replicated their findings using filmed models the young male syndrome young male syndrome testosterone leads to direct aggression there is no known culture where women commit more violence than men Groups Power chapter 14 what is a group what is entitativity 3 factors that contribute to perceptions of
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