Study Guide Exam 2 Social Cognition chapter 5 Know the concept of attribution engage in a certain behavior Attributions are the inferences people make about events in their lives It explains why we Fundamental Attribution Bias tendency to make dispositional attributions for others behavior even when plausible situational explanations exist Actor Observer Bias Fundamental Attribution Error and Self Serving Bias What they are how they work and how they re related to one another Actor Observer Bias tendency to make internal attributions for others negative behavior Tendency to make external attributions for our own negative behaviors Others you blame it on some internal problem they have for yourself you use external reasoning for doing something bad This is the case expect when you experience success then you attribute it to internal reasons Sedikides et al 1998 Fundamental Attribution Error part of the actor observer bias Self Serving Bias taking credit for success with internal attributions Blame others or factors for failures with external attributions Know the Automatic and Deliberate Thinking section of textbook pg 155 160 Stroop Test a standard measure of effortful control over responses requiring participants to identify the color of a word which may name a different color The word red wrote in the color green It takes longer to say each word when the word and the color don t match It t takes conscious effort to override the automatic thinking of saying the word instead of the color No single test can determine whether a thought is automatic or deliberate because automatic thought has several dimensions this makes the definition of automatic thought difficult because it may fit in one but not the other 5 elements distinguish automatic from deliberate ex driving You can drive without thinking about it but if the roads become slippery you switch to deliberate to be more careful and aware may happen whether you want it to or not automatic thoughts can intrude on your thinking even when you intend to think something else automatic thoughts are not subject to deliberate control so it can be difficult or even impossible to avoid having certain thoughts that have been cued automatic thoughts do not involve effort whereas deliberate thoughts often involve mental exertion and can feel taxing and tiring awareness intention control effort efficiency automatic thoughts are highly efficient unlike deliberate thoughts which are often slow and cumbersome Knowledge structures organized packets of information that are stored in memory Automatic thinking takes little effort because it relies on these formed when a set of related concepts are frequently brought to mind Over time as related concepts are frequently activated together the set of related concepts becomes so strongly linked that activation of one part of the set automatically activates the whole set Schemas knowledge structures that represent substantial information about a concept its attributes and its relationships to other concepts They help organize information by connecting beliefs that are related to each other You develop schemas through your experiences and they guide the way you process information For example a schema for bears might include fur claws danger climbing trees hibernating and growling as well as relationships to honey zoos various football teams e g Chicago Bears stuffed toys teddy bears and drops in stock prices a bear market Scripts knowledge structures that contain information about how people or other objects behave under varying circumstances Scripts include many types of information such as motives intentions goals situations that enable or inhibit certain behaviors and the causal sequence of events as well as the specific behaviors themselves scripts define situations and guide behavior First the person selects a scripts to represent the situation and then assumes a role in the script Scripts can be learned through direct experience or by observing others Priming activating an idea in someone s mind so that related ideas are more accessible the prime doesn t have to be conscious Framing whether messages stress potential gains positively framed or potential losses negatively framed Basically how information is presented to others gain framed appeal focuses on how doing something will add to your health Flossing your teeth daily removes particles of food in the mouth avoiding bacteria thereby promoting fresh breath loss framed appeal focuses on how not doing something will subtract from your health If you do not floss your teeth daily particles of food remain in the mouth collecting bacteria thereby causing bad breath gain framed appeals are more effective when targeting behaviors that prevent the onset of disease whereas loss framed appeals are more effective when targeting behaviors that detect diseases that people may already have but not be aware of Know all the Heuristics Biases and Fallacies in slides and textbook So Called Errors and Biases pg Heuristic mental shortcuts that provide quick estimates about the likelihood of events 174 182 efficient and often lead to the correct answer prone to predictable types of errors availability heuristic tendency to estimate the likelihood of an event by how easily instances of it come to mind stimulation heuristic tendency to be influenced by the ease with which you can imagine an event conjunction fallacy believing the combination of two events is more likely than one event representativeness heuristic tendency to estimate the likelihood of an event by how well it matches your expectations false consensus effect overestimating the amount of people who share one s belief false uniqueness effect underestimating the amount of people who share positive characteristics gambler s fallacy believing chance is affected by previous events Know Schwarz Bless Strack 1991 study write down how assertive you are Some were to write 6 examples while some 12 The ones with 6 example were more assertive Know about Priming and Embodied Social Cognition mind influences body and body influences mind Know Holland et al 2005 study Smells like Clean Spirit some participants are brought into a lab scented with orange scented cleaner and some are brought to a lab with no smell They are given a pastry to eat The participants in the lab with the cleaner were more likely to clean up their crumbs Know Bargh et al 1996 study participants completed a scrambled sentence test Know Brinol
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