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Study Guide for Exam 3 Unit 7 Attitudes Bold terms from the reading Beliefs pieces of information about something facts or opinions Attitudes global evaluations toward some object or issue Dual attitude different evaluations of the same attitude object implicit versus explicit Implicit attitudes automatic and non conscious responses Explicit attitudes controlled and conscious evaluative responses Stigma an attribute that is perceived by others as broadly negative Mere exposure effect the tendency for people to come to like things simply because they see or encounter them repeatedly Classical conditioning a type of learning in which through repeated pairings a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response Unconditioned stimulus a stimulus e g meat powder that naturally evokes a particular response salivation Unconditioned response a naturally occurring response e g salivation Neutral stimulus a stimulus e g Pavlov s bell that initially evokes no response Conditioned stimulus a neutral stimulus that through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus comes to evoke conditioned responses Conditioned response a response that through repeated pairings is evoked by a formerly neutral stimulus Operant conditioning instrumental conditioning a type of learning in which people are more likely to repeat behaviors that have been rewarded and less likely to repeat behaviors that have been punished Social learning observational learning vicarious conditioning a type of learning in which people are more likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others rewarded for performing them and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing them Attitude polarization the finding that people s attitudes become more extreme as they reflect on them Balance theory P O X theory the idea that relationships among one person P the other person O and an attitude object X may be either balanced or unbalanced Sentimental relationships in P O X theory relationships that involve attitudes or evaluations Unit relationships in P O X theory relationships that involve belongingness Cognitive dissonance theory the theory that inconsistencies produce psychological discomforts their behavior or change their attitudes Effort justification the finding that when people suffer or work hard or make sacrifices they will try to convince themselves that it is worthwhile Accessibility how easily something comes to mind A B problem the problem of inconsistency between attitudes A and behaviors B Belief perseverance the finding that once beliefs form they are resistant to which they are based is discredited Coping the general term for how people attempt to deal with trauma and go back to functioning effectively in life Assumptive worlds the view that people live in social worlds based on certain beliefs assumptions about reality Cognitive coping the idea that beliefs play a central role in helping people cope with and recover from misfortune Downward comparison comparing oneself to people who are worse off Additional points to make sure you know from the reading In addition to all the bold terms questions will be drawn from the entire section entitled do attitudes really predict behaviors 1 What crisis did Wicker s critique provoke in the field Wicker s critique of attitudes being little ideas flitting around inside people s minds that had no connection to what the people actually did caused many researchers to defend themselves by seeking ways to show how attitudes actually might have a closer link to behavior 2 Know how people responded to the crisis i e be able to describe all the scenarios for which it was discovered that people s behaviors do actually map onto their attitudes reasonably well General attitudes and specific behavior Researchers focused too much on general attitudes rather than very specific ones Behavior aggregation Combining across many different behaviors on different occasions Broad attitude in context General attitudes can help cause behavior but only if they are prominent in the person s conscious mind and influence how the person thinks about the choices he or she faces Attitude accessibility Accessibility refers to how easily to the attitude comes to mind Highly accessible attitudes can be quite influential because they come to mind very easily more opportunity to exert influence on thought emotion and behavior Questions will be drawn from the section on belief perseverance 1 Make sure you can define and identify examples of belief perseverance Once beliefs form highly resistant to change even with information discrediting current beliefs Bogus coin suicide note study Told that they correctly identified or incorrectly identified a certain average of suicide notes Told that all were bogus at end of study but most participants still believed they were real 2 Know the findings of the Anderson et al 1980 study Firefighter study Asked whether good firefighters are made up of risk takers or cautious people after reading and asked to explain why for either answer Told study was bogus but did not abandon their choices 3 Make sure you know some ways to combat belief perseverance Explaining the opposite theory reduces or eliminates From the lectures Define attitudes A favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone How are attitudes different from beliefs Affect feelings Behavior Cognition thoughts Identify examples of the ABC dimensions of attitudes Includes affective behavioral and cognitive components the ABC triad Affective feeling positively toward Bob Hoskins Behavioral going out and watching all of Bob Hoskins films Cognitive thinking Hey Bob Hoskins is pretty cool Measuring the ABC of attitudes e g snakes Affect measure heart rate How tense I say I feel Behavior measure how far I sit from the snake Cognition measure how dangerous I rate a snake on a scale Explain what is meant by dual attitudes Be able to define implicit and explicit attitudes Dual Attitudes Implicit attitudes automatic and non conscious evaluative responses Explicit attitudes controlled and conscious evaluative responses They may conflict Explicit Self Reported attitudes can be influenced by social desirability concerns Early vs recent Implicit attitudes drawn from childhood explicit attitudes adopted more recently Implicit responses more influenced by feelings affect Implicit attitudes reflect cultural beliefs Describe the IAT what it stands for how it works what


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FSU SOP 3004 - Attitudes

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Chapter 4

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Chapter 1

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Chapter 7

Chapter 7

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Notes

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