Unformatted text preview:

SOP3004 Study Guide for Exam 2 SOCIAL COGNITION Actor Observer Bias Attribution An explanation why we or others engage in a particular behavior The tendency to make internal attributions for other negative behaviors o Example John kicked the dog because he s a jerk The tendency to make external attributions for our own negative behaviors o Example I kicked the dog because it had rabies and was going to bite me Self Serving Bias Taking credit for successes internal attributions or blaming other people or factors for failures external attributions Sedikides et al 1998 Had participants work on a creativity task o There were two conditions In the success condition participants were told they were in the 93rd percentile In the failure condition participants were told they were in the 31st percentile o Afterwards the participants were asked how much of how their group did was due to them If individuals were in a success condition they were much more likely to take credit internal attribution If they were in the fail condition they said they didn t really contribute to the group external attribution Fundamental Attribution Error Bias Tendency to make dispositional attributions for others behavior even when plausible situational explanations exist Dispositional Related to personality and internal traits What are the differences between these biases The Fundamental Attribution Error is a part of the actor observer bias The fundamental attribution error is about how we attribute other people s behavior The Actor Observer Bias is the larger concept that explains both how we attribute other people s behavior and how we attribute our own behavior Automatic and Deliberate Thinking Some thinking proceeds by automatic means whereas other thinking relies on conscious control Example Looking at names of colors that appear in other colors BLUE RED etc and trying to name the color instead of the word This happens a lot slower than if it were just the color or the word was in the color it names Called the Stroop Effect Schemas Knowledge structures that represent substantial information about a concept its attributions and its relationships to other concepts Help organize information by connecting beliefs that are related to one another Scripts knowledge structures that contain information about how people or other objects behave under varying circumstances Scripts are schemas about certain kinds of events Framing refers to how information is presented to others Gain framed appeal focuses on how doing something will make you healthier Loss framed appeal focuses on the downside such as the potential for greater illnesses Heuristic a mental short cut that provides quick estimates about the likelihood of events They are mostly efficient and lead to the correct answer However they are extremely prone to predictable types of errors Schwarz Bless Strack et al 1991 Had participants write down examples of how assertive they are Some participants were told to write 6 examples some participants were told to write 12 examples Those who wrote 6 examples had a higher rating of assertiveness than those who wrote 12 examples This is due to the fact that no matter what it is thinking of 12 examples of something is a lot more difficult than 6 examples which would come to your mind much easier This is the availability heuristic Availability Heuristic The tendency to estimate the likelihood of event by how easily instances of it come to mind Example fear of plane crashes They gain mass media coverage making them seem like they happen a lot more than they do Simulation Heuristic The tendency to be influenced by the ease with which you can imagine or mentally simulate an event Example Imagine that you missed your flight to Munich by two hours Would you be more or less upset if you missed your flight by five minutes Five minutes would be more upsetting because you can still mentally simulate you getting on that plane five minutes earlier Anchoring and Adjustment The tendency to be influenced by a starting point anchor when making decisions Jacowitz Kahneman 1995 distance from San Francisco to New York more or less than insert value or What is the distance from San Francisco to New York Value 1500 or 6000 miles Participants were asked two questions Either Is the o Those who were given 1500 miles as the value estimated that the distance o Those who were given 6000 miles as the value estimated that the distance was about 2500 miles was about 4000 miles Conjunction Fallacy Believing the combination of two events is more likely than one event itself Tversky Kahneman 1983 bright She majored in philosophy She s deeply concerned with discrimination and social issues and participated in anti nuclear demonstrations Most individuals choose bank teller in a feminist movement Linda is 31 years old single outspoken and very o Rate probability of each being true Bank Teller Teacher Bank Teller in a feminist movement Salesperson that plays Jazz Representativeness Heuristic Tendency to estimate the likelihood of event by how well it matches your expectations Example if a coin is tossed 10 times we expect it to be on heads and tails equal amounts of time However it is just as likely that it was on tails every time as it is to be equal False Consensus Effect Overestimating number of people who share one s opinions and beliefs False Uniqueness Effect Underestimating number of others who share positive characteristics Example Thinking that there are not many people who can do what you do Gambler s Fallacy Believing a chance event is affected by previous events Confirmation Bias The tendency to search for and notice information that confirms one s beliefs and to ignore information that disconfirms one s beliefs Illusory Correlations Occurs when people overestimate the link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all Base Rate Fallacy the tendency to ignore or underuse base rate information information about most people and instead to be influenced by the distinctive features of the case being judged Counterfactual Thinking involves imagining alternatives to past or present factual events or circumstances Examples of Priming Bargh et al 1996 Participants completed scrambled sentence tasks that involved words associated with the elderly or more youthful individuals After this individuals were timed on how long it took them to walk down the hallway as opposed to when they arrived at the study o Those who were primed for words


View Full Document

FSU SOP 3004 - Study Guide for Exam #2

Documents in this Course
Emotions

Emotions

12 pages

Notes

Notes

9 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

8 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

13 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

22 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

9 pages

Test 1

Test 1

18 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

6 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

59 pages

Groups

Groups

31 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

6 pages

MORALITY

MORALITY

14 pages

Test 2

Test 2

10 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

13 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

7 pages

Groups

Groups

26 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

7 pages

Chapter 1

Chapter 1

14 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

22 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

32 pages

Morality

Morality

10 pages

Prejudice

Prejudice

11 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

5 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

7 pages

Test 2

Test 2

13 pages

Chapter 4

Chapter 4

15 pages

Prejudice

Prejudice

18 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

18 pages

TEST 1

TEST 1

66 pages

EXAM 3

EXAM 3

40 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

19 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

7 pages

Attitudes

Attitudes

37 pages

Test 2

Test 2

11 pages

Test 2

Test 2

21 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

25 pages

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1

13 pages

Chapter 4

Chapter 4

14 pages

Notes

Notes

52 pages

Chapter 1

Chapter 1

10 pages

Chapter 7

Chapter 7

10 pages

Notes

Notes

9 pages

Load more
Download Study Guide for Exam #2
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Study Guide for Exam #2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Study Guide for Exam #2 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?