Social Psychology Exam 2 Chapter 4 Self presentation is the process through which we try to control the impressions people form of us synonymous with impression management o Why To obtain desirable resources from others A way of constructing a self image If you want to see yourself a certain way you need to act the part They help others to know how we are expecting to be treated enabling social encounters to run more smoothly Dramaturgical perspective is that much of social interaction can be thought of as a play with actors performances and so on o Strategic self presentation When observes can influence whether or not we obtain out goals When these goals are important to us When we think observers have impressions different from the ones we want to project o Social anxiety is the fear people experience while doubting that they ll be able to create a desired impression Public self consciousness is the tendency to have a chronic awareness of oneself as being in the public eye Self monitoring is the tendency to be concerned with one s public image and to adjust one s actions to fit the needs of the current situation o High self monitors are both adept at assessing what others want and at tailoring their behavior to meet those Skilled at reading others emotional expressions and detecting when others are being manipulative demands More likely to mimic others behaviors More comfortable acting in ways inconsistent with their attitudes and beliefs Better at customizing their presentations to fit the situation o Low self monitors look inside themselves to decide how to act and do not change much across situations Ingratiation is an attempt to get others to like us o Express liking for others False smiles are often held longer True smiles the cheeks raise and the skin around the eye wrinkle Flattery Smiling Mimicking someone s behavior o Create similarity o Make ourselves physically attractive Seen as more honest More likely to be hired and elected Paid more Receive shorter sentences o Project modesty Cultures Nigerian tribes Hausa stress modesty Igbo allow self promotion Immodesty is more tolerated by African Americans than by European Americans Asian Americans are not as boastful as European Americans Gender Women are more likely to smile compliment and agree with others and present themselves modestly Women tend to be like this because of socialization they tend to get more social rewards for being agreeable Lower levels of hormones that may incline men to be more disagreeable like testosterone Self promotion is an attempt to get others to see us as competent o Staging performances Social Psychology Exam 2 Because successes are sometimes overlooked we may seek opportunities to stage performances or demonstrate our competence in public Conversely people who are incompetent at something will avoid public staging o Claiming competence They are appropriate when invited or are second hand Verbal claims can interfere with projecting modesty o Using the trapping of competence o Making excuses claiming obstacles follows the discounting and augmenting principles in Chapter 3 o Self handicapping is the behavior of withdrawing effort or creating obstacles to one s future successes Especially to occur when people doubt that previous achievements accurately reflect their personal abilities and efforts The result is a fear that similar high level performances will be difficult to sustain and that the private and public esteem built upon past successes will crumble Examples Not practicing Listening to distracting music during the task Choosing unattainable goals By giving a competitor a performance advantage Taking drugs or drinking alcohol o Competence motivation is the desire to perform effectively o Shyness is the tendency to feel tense worried or awkward in novel social situations and with unfamiliar people Conveying Status and Power o Displaying the artifacts of status and power framing diploma o Conspicuous consumption buying lavish goods o Personal associations Basking in reflected glory is the process of associating ourselves with successful high status others or events Cutting off reflected failures is the process of distancing ourselves from unsuccessful low status others or events o Statue and power in nonverbal expressions Body language is a popular term for nonverbal behaviors like facial expressions posture body orientation and hand gestures Emotion Emotion is how you feel about a specific event o Physiological arousal is he body s response to stress in the environment Controlled by the autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system increases sweating breathing heart rate pupil dilation and decreases saliva and blood to intestines Parasympathetic nervous system settles the body down and allows it to recover Yerkes Dodson law explains that some arousal is good for performance but too much can be damaging o Theories James Lange stimulus physiological arousal emotion FALSE Cannon Bard stimulus physiological arousal and emotion FALSE Schacter Singer stimulus physiological arousal cognitive appraisal emotion o Facial feedback hypothesis Feedback from face muscles evokes or magnifies emotions Smiling makes you happy frowning makes you sad o Emotions are studied through self reporting o Emotions direct our attention to relevant stimuli motivate specific behaviors and guide learning and thinking o Emotions serve an evolutionary purpose they help people face current challenges Social Psychology Exam 2 Avoid disease Self protection Mate attraction and retention Overcome obstacles Navigate a group Gain status o Some cultures encourage the sharing of emotions o People in high power tend to be more emotionally expressive o Some men especially in the US are taught to not express sadness o People are capable of hiding their emotions or even faking them this is self presentation o Factors shaping out perceptions If we expect someone to be happy or sad we are more likely to see them that way Our own emotions can influence how we think others feel The context of something because some expressions are ambiguous o Jealousy is resentment toward a rival when a valued relationship is threatened Attention is directed towards rivals Negative evaluation of rivals Mate guarding o Sexual desire is a sense of excitement or longing when in the presence of a potential romantic partner Attitude is a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of a particular thing Attitude formation o Classical conditioning we come to
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