Social Psychology Study Guide- Exam 2Emotions Learning Objectives1. What are the differences between emotion, affect, and mood?Emotion- a specific evaluative reaction to some eventMood-general disposition or stateAffect- valence of evaluation toward and event2. How does affect motivate behavior and why does it do this?The affect of an event is what spikes physiological arousal. The Old View of emotions and behavior suggest that emotions depend on arousal and valenceand the behavior depends on the level of these. The New View, on the other hand, is characterized by domain specificity. This means that the effect of emotion is dependent upon specific emotion (ex: sadnessseek social support). 3. Are affective responses automatic or controlled and what are the implications of this? Are affective responses weak or strong?Affective responses are automatic. Automatic affect is a response of liking ordisliking something of good and bad feelings toward something. These responses are strong as they are very fast and occur in the first microsecondsof thought. 4. How does affect contribute to learning and decision making? How does the Iowa Gambling Task study demonstrate this?Antonia Damasio studied patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex. Theyshowed no arousal in response to dramatic images. When given the Iowa Gambling Task, the control patients, without prefrontal cortex damage, learned to avoid risky desks. On the other hand, the brain damaged patients never learned. This shows that affect allows us to learn and make decisions.5. What were the different theories of emotion discussed in class? How do eachof them explain how we reach our emotions? Which is the currently accepted theory and why?James-Lange Theory: the proposition that the bodily processes of emotion come firt and the mind’s perception of these bodily reactions creates the subjective feeling of emotionCannon-Bard Theory: the proposition that emotional stimuli activate the thalamus, which then activates both the cortex, producing an experienced emotion, and the hypothalamus and autonomic nervous system, producing physiological arousalSchacter-Singer Theory: the idea that emotion has two components: a bodily state of arousal and a cognitive label that specifies the emotion.The Schacter-Singer Theory of Emotion is the theory accepted today.6. What is misattribution of arousal and what were the methods and findings of the study examples we discussed in class?Misattribution of Arousal: an arousal may arise for one reason but get another label, thereby producing a different reaction. This can lead to excitation transfer, which is the arousal from the first event transfers to the second event. The study discussed in class began with men running in place for either 15 seconds or 120 seconds. Then, they were to watch a video of an attractive woman or an unattractive woman they were expected to meet. The man jogging for 120 seconds found the attractive woman more attractive than the man jogging 15 seconds. On the other hand, the man jogging 15 seconds found the unattractive woman more attractive versus how the man jogging 120 seconds felt. 7. What is the domain specificity theory of emotions?Domain specifity: This theory states that the effect of emotion is dependent upon specific emotion.8. What are the specific functions of specific emotions discussed in class?The functions of emotion are that they serve to motivate the behaviors we actupon. For instance, if we are sexually aroused, our behavior will act to find a romantic partner. Behavior is in direct correspondence with our emotion. 9. What were the methods and findings of the study on attention and love?Maner, Rouby, and Gonzaga performed the study on attention and love in 2008. The results show that those who were experiencing the emotion of love focused their attention the generally the same as those experiencing the emotion of happiness. However, there is an exception on the attention focused on the attractive opposite sex. When experiencing love, the focus on attractive opposite decreases significantly as they are already consumed withtheir current partner. 10. How do we know that emotional expressions are universal and automatic?According to Paul Ekman, there are six emotions that are universally recognized. These include anger, surprise, disgust, happiness, fear, and sadness. This study shows that based on facial cues, people have similar emotions everywhere are can recognize and understand one another despite very different cultural backgrounds. 11. What factors affect how we perceive emotions? What factors affect how we express emotions?Expectations, stereotypes, personal emotional states, and gender are factors that shape our perceptions of emotions. Cultural, power, and gender differences are all factors that affect how we express emotion. 12. What are the gender differences in emotion, if there are any?Women are quicker and better able at identifying other’s emotions than men.Attidues and Behavior Learning Objectives1. What are attitudes? How are they different from beliefs?Attitude: a favorable, unfavorable, or ambivalent evaluative reaction toward something or someoneBeliefs: pieces of information (fact or opinion) about somethingEx: You think it is could outside (belief). You like the clouds (attitude). 2. What were the sources of attitudes covered in class? How does each source affect attitude formation? The sources of attitudes include affect, cognition, and behavior. Theories of classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning and social learning are mainly responsible for formation of attitude3. What is the mere exposure effect and what were the methods and findings of the study on it that we discussed in class?Mere exposure effect: Favorability increases with greater exposureRobert Zajonc conducted three studies. Participants were exposed to Turkishwords, Chinese-like characters, and yearbook photographs. The more frequently the participants saw each stimulus, the more they liked it. Participants favored the Chinese characters, and then yearbook photos the most. 4. What is attitude polarization? Know the studies (methods and results) from class about this concept. Attitidue Polarization: attitudes become more extreme by convincing ourselves they are rightLaPierce conducted the study discussed in class by traveling with and Asian couple. He expected anti-Asian attitudes would produce discrimination, yet the vast majority of hotels allowed
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