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BE ABLE TO APPLY ALL OF THESE CONCEPTS TO YOUR LIFE AND COME UP Social Cognition Learning Objectives Chapter 3 WITH AN EXAMPLE FOR EACH 1 What are attributions and when do we make them lecture and book pg 100 101 Attribution an explanation of why we or others engaged in a certain behavior Ex Why is joey dancing on the table at pot s hes usually not that weird 2 What are internal and external attributions and what do they explain lecture and book pg 101 Internal attributions Dispositional e g He loves to dance intentional External attributions Situational e g It s a dance party he s drunk social circumstances 3 What does the Jones Harris 1967 pro Castro anti Castro study say about the types of attributions we make lecture and book pg 103 Even when people know they are causing someone else s behavior they still underestimate external influences We tend to assume other ARE the way they act 4 What is the fundamental attribution error lecture and book pg 103 Tendency to overestimate dispositional attributions for others behavior even when plausible situational explanations exist 5 What is actor observer bias lecture How is it related to the fundamental attribution error lecture Tendency to make internal attributions for others behaviors and external attributions for our own behaviors The difference between the two is that the fundamental attribution error only includes explanations for others behavior whereas the actor observer bias includes explanations for others and our own behavior 6 When do we attribute our behavior to external versus internal causes Sedikides et al 1998 How does this relate to self serving biases from when we talked about the self lecture Internal when we are successful and external we blame others when there is failure Ex When we are successful we make internal assumptions and take credit When we are not successful we make external assumptions which is the opposite of actor observer bias 7 What is Kelley s covariation model What are the three types of relevant information we need and what do they predict lecture and book pg 102 How we explain attribute someone s behavior to internal or external causes Consistency how consistent is the persons behavior in this situation Distinctiveness How specific is the persons behavior to this particular situation Consensus to what extent do others in this situation behave similarly 8 What is the overconfidence phenomenon and how can you reduce it lecture and book pg 88 89 The tendency to be more confident then correct to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs You can reduce it by Ex Asking yourself from a different point of view if you would still be just as certain 9 What is spontaneous trait transference book pg 82 Attributing someones traits for traits they often attribute others too Ex If we call people gossipy people will attribute us with a gossipy personality 10 What is confirmation bias How can you reduce it lecture and book pg 91 A tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions We can reduce it with 1 Prompt Feedback 2 think of ways your judgment might be wrong 3 break it down into components of why it could be wrong 11 What are heuristics and when do we use them lecture and book pg 92 A thinking strategy that enables quick efficient judgements We use them when ideas are readily available in our memory mental shortcuts Ex Participants were told to guess the career of a man They stated that he was having trouble at home and When given the option between a lawyer and an engineer most of the time they assumed it was the lawyer 12 What does your book state about embodied cognition Be able to generalize its examples to other situations book pg 79 They prime our social judgements and vice versa Ex When we hold a warm drink we are more likely to rate someone as warm or homely 13 What does the text state about how we reconstruct memories and our past behaviors Do we tend to be accurate book pg 83 85 We tend to to construct memories at the time of withdrawal We reconstruct out distant past by using our current feelings and expectations to combine information fragments As apposed to how we felt at the time of the memory We tend to not be accurate and draw on our currents moods 14 What does the Schwarz 1991 study state about heuristics lecture Biases due to the retrievability of instances When the size of a class is judged by the availability of its instances a class whose instances are effortlessly retrieved will seem more numerous than a class of equal frequency whose instances are not as easily retrievable Tversky Kahneman 1974 p 1127 Schwarz et al 1991 tested this notion by having participants describe either very assertive or very unassertive behaviors in which they had engaged Also the participants were asked to describe either 6 or 12 examples of assertive or unassertive behavior Subsequently participants were later asked to rate their own assertiveness The results showed that participants rated themselves as more assertive after describing 6 rather than 12 examples for the assertive behavior condition and conversely rated themselves as less assertive after describing 6 rather than 12 examples for the unassertive behavior condition The study reflected that the implications of recalled content were qualified by the ease with which the respective content could be brought to mind easier to recall 6 examples rather than 12 15 What is the availability heuristic How does it affect our judgments of the likelihood of events lecture and book pg 93 Availability Heuristic the tendency to estimate the likelihood of event by how easily instances of it come to mind Ex Shark attacks seem pretty likely because we always hear about it in the news however you re more likely to die from a falling coconut then a shark attack 16 What are the limitations of the availability heuristic See the Ruder and Bless 2003 study lecture Participants were told to write about a time when you were happy or sad Neutral condition read about agriculture P s told to write down 2 6 arguments for reducing number of school years from 13 to 12 in Germany they were asked How much do you agree with the idea that the 13th year should be cancelled The people that were told to write about something sad came up with 6 reasons while the people who were told to write about something happy only had 2 reasons 17 What is the representativeness heuristic lecture and book pg 92 The tendency to presume sometimes despite contrary odds that someone or


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FSU SOP 3004 - Social Cognition

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Exam 1

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Exam 3

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Test 2

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Test 2

Test 2

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CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1

13 pages

Chapter 4

Chapter 4

14 pages

Notes

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52 pages

Chapter 1

Chapter 1

10 pages

Chapter 7

Chapter 7

10 pages

Notes

Notes

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