SOP3004 Study Guide Unit 4 Study Points Prosocial Behavior 1 The Story of Kitty Genovese what factors impeded helping Woman was knifed and raped attacker left and came back 35 minutes before someone called police Bystander effect impeded helping As of bystanders increases each one is less likely to notice the incident less likely to interpret as emergency and less likely to assume responsibility 2 The video on child abduction and on the people slumped over in Liverpool what factors influenced helping Observing someone else helping having spare time not being in a hurry and more likely to help those who we perceive to be similar to us all influence helping 3 Bystander effect pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility what are they and how do they affect helping Bystander effect the tendency to be less likely to help as the number of other bystanders increases Pluralistic ignorance a situation in which the majority of group members reject a norm privately but incorrectly assume that most others accept it and therefore go along with it Explains bystander effect if no one acts onlookers may believe that the other people believe action helping is incorrect even with a private belief that helping would be correct and then therefore they themselves refrain from acting Diffusion of responsibility the belief that others will take responsibility for helping a person in need 4 What were the findings and the causes in the smoky room study Ps completed a questionnaire in a room either alone or with two other people Smoke was pumped into the room If P was alone 75 of Ps went to get help before the room was completely filled with smoke If P was with two others only 10 of Ps ever went to get help 5 What were the findings and causes of the seizure study If P believed he was the only witness 100 of Ps will help within 3 minutes If P believed he was 1 of 2 only 85 of Ps helped If P believed he was 1 of 5 only 65 of Ps helped 6 What are the steps necessary for helping according to Darley and Latane s Model of Bystander Intervention All of these have to be true in order for helping to occur notice situation interpret as emergency assume responsibility know what to do and judge that costs are outweighed by benefits 7 What did the good Samaritan sermon study Darley Batson 1973 find and what were the factors that influenced helping Ps learned a sermon about being a Good Samaritan They were told to deliver it across campus and told they either had plenty of time or were already late When Ps encountered someone slumped over in a doorway if they were told they had plenty of time then 62 of Ps helped If told they were already late only 10 helped some literally stepped over him 8 What should you do say when you need help in an emergency situation You should call on a specific bystander You in the blue shirt I need help call 911 This reduces ambiguity of an emergency makes a personal appeal and increases feelings of responsibility 9 What are egoistic and altruistic helping What are the differences between them Egoistic helping helping others to somehow benefit oneself personal development esteem enhancement Altruistic helping helping others for no expected benefits to oneself values community concern The differences between the two are due to the source of motivation and feelings of empathy 10 What is the empathy altruism hypothesis Based off this hypothesis what is needed to increase helping behavior The hypothesis that empathy taking perspective of the person in need produces altruism As empathy increases so does helping behavior 11 What is the aversive arousal hypothesis Why do we help based off this hypothesis How is this different than the empathy altruism hypothesis Aversive arousal hypothesis we help someone in order to reduce our own unpleasant feelings caused by seeing another person in distress Different from empathy altruism hypothesis because it says we are only helping in order to reduce our own discomfort caused by seeing the distressed person 12 Which form of motive altruistic vs egoistic produces longer helping and which produces more effective helping Think Omoto Snyder 1995 Egoistic produces longer help altruistic produces more effective help 13 How do social norms and reciprocity contribute to helping Social norms portray that helping is the right thing to do Norm of reciprocity we are expected to help those who help us small gift from completing questionnaire Norm of social responsibility we are expected to help those who are dependent on us someone on crutches requesting notes 14 How does mood affect our helping behaviors Good mood makes someone more likely to help Sad mood also makes someone more likely to help as long as costs are low and benefits are high 15 How do mating goals increase prosocial behavior and how does this differ by gender Griskevicius et al 2007 The prospect of mating increases the likelihood of helping Gender differences men more likely to increase helping in heroic acts fighting off a bear women more likely to increase helping in non heroic acts volunteering 16 How does kinship affect different kinds of prosocial behavior and how does this differ by who benefits from that prosocial behavior Burnstein et al 1994 One is much more likely to help one s immediate family than acquaintances 17 What is the overjustification effect How was this applied to helping behaviors From text Overjustification effect the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing changes their enjoyment from intrinsic to extrinsic due to the adding of a reward for that behavior Providing someone with the right about of justification for helping but not too much will ultimately increase their willingness to help 18 What is social capital from text Social capital the mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network 1 What is morality including the 3 components Study Points Morality Psychological state that deems acts as immoral and wrong It also motivates punishment toward the immoral individual It can also be turned off and on 2 How does morality relate to the selfish impulse vs social conscience Evolution favors selfishness but morality requires an individual to put the group above oneself All cultures have moral laws and many are universal 3 Which moral rules discussed in class seem to be universal Incest hurting children and bashing your nationality 4 What are the indications we have that suggest that we are biologically programmed for morality Moral Instinct
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