Aggression 1 What is the definition of aggression Behavior intended to injure another o Behavior not angry feelings Intended not accidental o o Aimed at hurting not assertiveness or playfulness Goals of aggressive behavior Freud hypothesized a death instinct to explain roots of aggression Incompatible with the logic of natural selection Cathartic release o o o o Acting aggressively tends to increase later violent behavior 2 Know and define the two major forms of aggression Indirect attempt to hurt another without obvious face to face contact Direct behavior intended to hurt someone to his or her face Ex spreading a rumor Ex punching someone o o o o o o Emotional hostile hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelings goal is just to inflict pain Ex child throwing a temper tantrum Instrumental hurting another to accomplish another non aggressive goal Ex spanking a child o Examples o o o George insults Tanya because he s tired and irritated direct instrumental aggression o Will plants incriminating evidence on his coworker s computer so Will has a better chance at a promotion Jack kicks Joe because he s angry at him direct emotional aggression violence Pam spreads rumors about Joe indirect emotional indirect instrumental Peter shoots his wife to get her life insurance direct instrumental violence o 3 Are there gender differences in aggression If so what differs No difference in feelings of anger Women Feelings of jealousy in relationships Physical aggression against partners Indirect aggression o o o Men o o Homicides Physical harm High level of testosterone related to dominance and aggressiveness o High levels found among Adolescent boys Violent criminals Men and women with criminal records 4 Define three hostile cognitive biases How do they lead to increased aggression Inferences and expectations about others o Hostile attribution bias view ambiguous acts as aggressive Ex if someone bumps into you at the bar that person is aggressive and insulting o Hostile perception bias perceive social interactions as being aggressive Ex if 2 people are arguing one with this bias will assume it will result in a violent fight o Hostile expectation bias expect others to react aggressively Ex you bump into someone at the bar you assume they will respond by fighting People higher in these biases are more likely to be aggressive 5 What is the frustration aggression hypothesis Original the theory that aggression is an automatic response to any blocking of goal directed behavior Frustration aggression Revised the theory that an unpleasant stimulation will lead to emotional aggression to the extent that it generates unpleasant feelings Frustration pain heat any other unpleasant experience negative feelings emotional aggression 6 Is an unpleasant mood required for aggressive behavior Why or why not Not required for aggressive behavior plenty of aggressive behaviors occur when people are cold All of the instrumental aggression would not be explained by frustration aggression hypothesis 7 What is excitation transfer Give an example discussed in class of excitation transfer Excitation transfer theory anger is physiological similar to other emotional states Any form of emotional or physical arousal can enhance aggressive responses 8 What is the weapons effect Describe the Berkowitz and Page 1967 experiment Weapons effect presence of weapons increases aggression Berkowitz and Page o Angry participants seated at desk Guns or sports equipment were present told to ignore the items shock a partner o Participants sitting in the presence of guns shocked their partner more 9 Be able to list four unpleasant experiences that can lead to increased aggression Thwarted plans Pain Environmental frustrations overcrowding traffic foul odors Sweltering heat Recession unemployment 10 Be able to describe the Bobo doll study and how it reflects modeling aggressive behavior Modeling when aggression is modeled and rewarded by others causes increases in aggression Bobo doll study o o o Preschool children watched an adult either Act aggressively toward a clown doll or act nonaggressively by playing with tinker toys Later child left alone with aggressive toys and nonaggressive toys Children exposed to aggressive model later showed the most aggressive behavior 11 What is one way in which the media can encourage violent behavior Children who watch a lot of violent TV are more violent towards peers Experimental studies violence controlled effects of watching violence College students randomly assigned to play a violent video game later had more aggressive thoughts and feelings than those who played a nonviolent game Magnifies violent inclinations Exposure to violent media leads to o Negative feelings o High arousal o Aggressive thoughts behaviors 12 How does a culture of honor affect aggression Culture of honor a set of societal norms whose central idea is that people men should be ready to defend their honor with violent retaliation if necessary o o Southern US has more honor related homicides Southern students respond more aggressively to an insult in a lab setting 13 List and explain the various factors that increase aggression that were discussed in your book and class Provocation Hormones gender Modeling Behavior type personality A or B Unpleasant situations Protection self defenders perceived threats culture of honor 14 What are some of the motivations that people have for acting aggressively De individuation o More likely to be violent when in a crowd or when they are anonymous When status matters o Blocked pathways to success High testosterone with substantially greater risk in lower class men limited resources to achieve goals Pathways for respect are blocked so lower class men strive for respect through aggressiveness o Competition for mates Men are most dangerous when testosterone levels are highest aggress to impress females Stereotyping and Prejudice 1 Distinguish between old fashioned versus modern expressions of racism and sexism Racism o Old fashioned o Modern Sexism o Old fashioned o Modern Black people are generally not as smart as white people Bad idea for blacks and whites to marry one another Discrimination against blacks is no longer a problem in the US Possible discriminated against for criminal activity Women are not capable of thinking as logically as men More important to encourage boys than to encourage girls in athletics Women and men have equal opportunities for achievements 2 Define prejudice
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