SOP3004 02 Social Psychology Exam 4 Lecture Study Guide Emotions Aggression 1 What is Mood Affect Emotion How are they different Mood a general feeling state that is not clearly linked to an event Affect the automatic evaluative response to a specific event Positive affect Approach Negative affect Avoidance Emotion a specific conscious reaction to some specific event Emotion is a reaction to something where as Mood is not clearly linked to some event Affect is sometimes defined as a result of mapping all emotions onto a single good bad dimension Conscious is to unconscious as EMOTION is to AFFECT Affect is generally mapped onto GOOD and BAD dimensions Sam feels deep sadness because her dog died What term most accurately describes what Sam is feeling EMOTION 2 Know the 3 parts to emotions What is the Affective Physiological and Cognitive Component 1 Affective Component Positive or negative feeling Develops quickly Difficult to change 2 Physiological Component Physical reaction caused by chemical changes in nervous system Heart rate BP breathing rate blushing alert eyes facial display Relatively fast but difficult to interpret 3 Cognitive Component Some interpretation of why we feel what we feel 3 According to the Cannon Bard theory of emotion how does emotion work How does it work for the James Lange theory How about the Schachter Singer theory 1 Cannon Bard Theory Physiological and emotion reactions occur at the same time but are independent of each other Thalamus relay system for nerve impulses plays the central role in this theory Emotional stimulus activates the thalamus which then activates the cortex producing a experienced emotion and hypothalamus and automatic nervous system producing the physiological arousal The thalamus sends two messages at the same time Emotion and physiological arousal For example I see a bear I am afraid I begin to tremble 2 James Lange theory we infer what we are feeling from the physiological reaction we are having Proposes that the bodily processes of emotion come first and the minds perception of these bodily reactions then creates the subjective feeling of emotion Researches were largely unsuccessful in trying to prove this One important aspect of the theory is that different emotions must arise from different bodily responses There are many emotions that are exuded by the same physical response E g crying when sad or happy NOT ENOUGH PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS For example I see a bear I am trembling therefore I am afraid Did however inspire the facial feedback hypothesis the idea that feedback from the face muscle evokes of magnifies emotions 3 Schachter Singer theory Emotions result from bodily arousal paired with cognition appraisal of the arousal inducing stimulus Proposed that emotion has 2 components 1 Physiological arousal is similar in all emotions determines that there is going to be an emotion and how strong it will be 2 The cognitive label is different for each emotion dictates what emotion is felt For example I am withdrawing money from an automatic teller machine ATM late in the night alone I see that a mean looking man is approaching behind me then I begin to tremble my heart beats faster and my breath deepens Upon noticing this arousal I realize that it comes from the fact that I am alone and it is late in the night This situation is dangerous and thus I feel the emotion of fear 4 What is a flashbulb memory Do they tend to be accurate Flashbulb memory distinctly vivid precise concrete long lasting memories of a personal circumstance surrounding a person s discovery of shocking events E g 9 11 They are not as accurate as they seem Flashbulb memories are thought to require the participation of the amygdala a brain structure involved in emotional memory and possibly other brain systems which regulate mood and alertness Flashbulb memories may deteriorate over time Confidence is HIGH and accuracy is LOW 5 What predicts happiness What doesn t Subjective perceptions cause happiness Subjective perceptions are more important satisfaction with income Not what you income is but how you feel about it People commonly think objective factors cause happiness but they are weak i e parenthood money good health income has risen substantially in 50 years but no change in happiness Happiness depends in part comparisons with others Personality subjective style matter Grumpy whiny people will generally be unhappy One measure of happiness is Affect Balance the frequency of positive emotions minus the frequency of negative emotions The most complex form of happiness is sometimes called Life Satisfaction an evaluation of how one s life is generally and how it compares to some standard 6 What is affective forecasting What do we tend to get right when forecasting emotions What do we get wrong Affecting forecasting is the prediction of one s affect emotional state in the future People are not very good at judging how they will feel about a particular outcome E g Sport fans break ups career changes People are accurate in estimating valence and intensity of emotion but inaccurate in estimating duration of emotion This occurs in part because of immune neglect a tendency to not recognize how much our psychological immune system will kick into make us feel better We tend to recover faster from bad things Prejudice and Stereotyping 1 Be able to define stereotype prejudice and discrimination Stereotype generalized belief about members of a group Ex All Asians are good at math and science Prejudice a generalized attitude towards members of a group Ex Disliking Gators fans Discrimination behaviors directed toward people on the basis of their group membership Ex Denying someone a job because of their race or gender Prejudice feelings can sometimes lead people to discriminate against others 2 What is the difference between traditional and modern racism Traditional Discrimination institutionalized obvious school segregation voting rights Modern Discrimination covert more subtle but often just as damaging Informal hiring practices social interactions 3 What are the main ideas of the dissociation model Stereotypes have long socialization history Personal beliefs are more recent and take effort to bring to mind When people do not or cannot actively control stereotypes they influence responses 1 High Low prejudice people often show bias on uncontrollable implicit measures 4 What is the dual attitude approach What are explicit attitudes Implicit attitudes How are each
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