Class notes movie and then Chapter s bulleted CLASS NOTES if there are any questions please e mail me CHAPTER 8 Group Influences 5 people waiting at the same bus corner are not a group because they don t have anything in common People attending a worship service group because are at service together Spice girls fan club group because like the spice girls Students in a seminar class not a group just in class What is a group o 2 or more people who for longer than a few moments interact with and influence one another and they perceive one another as an us o Conditions that need to be met in order to be part of a group most of these need to be met most of the time Individuals must usually interact with each other directly or indirectly Important for there to be regular interaction Must depend on each other interdependent Relationships must be stable it persists over time it s not going to go away there is stability Ex Spice Girls Fan Club if you are a member you are probably going to stay a member Individuals must share at least some goals these are things the group is trying to obtain Interactions must be structured each group member will perform the same or similar functions each time they meet Must recognize that you are part of the group US Ex yea I am a member of this church or certain club etc o Ex people on a bus at first are not a group but then they get high jacked and they must work together to figure out a solution now they are a group Why do people join groups o What groups do you belong to o Why do you belong to them Groups help satisfy important psychological or social needs Groups help us achieve groups that we could not attain as individuals Ex help study or learn together Ex raise money for charity Ex group sports o Group membership often provides knowledge and information that would otherwise not be available to us o Groups help meet our need for security o Contributes to establishment of a positive social identity Groups and task performance Example An ice skater who is preparing for their first competition practiced routines along several hours each day month after month The big day arrives and they skate into a huge arena filled with the biggest crowds they ve ever seen How will they do Social Facilitation Presence of Others Triplett 1898 o Bicycle racing racing alone vs racing together performance increased o Wind string on fishing reel as rapidly as possible performance increased Wound faster presence of other children So because he found out something no one else really knew about other attempted to replicate Sometimes there was improved performance other people were finding that this hindered performance Joined instinct drive research with what been done decided that what was happening was that social arousal facilitates dominant responses So it should increase performance on easy tasks and decrease performance on difficult tasks Easy is what you know hard is what you do not know Easy task should increase performance and hard will decrease performance Ex athletes are better when they have homefield homecourt advantage Crowding Presence of Others When others are present many perspire more breathe faster tense their muscles more and have higher blood pressure Study showed that when you sit close together friendly people like even more and unfriendly disliked more Territoriality In Humans Zajonc o o o We all have this possessive feeling about things 3 common types of territoriality o Primary territories Occupant has exclusive control Examples homes apts private offices o Secondary territories Areas shared with others but over which regular users have considerable control Ex seat in class classroom church or neighborhood bar o Public territories Uncontrolled areas that are used by whoever is first to arrive Ex parking in garages theaters parks Why do people want a territory It may give people a sense of security o o Make lives more predictable o Make seem more important o Protect from those whom they fear of dislike o o People are more assertive in their own territories Foster person s sense of self identity and uniqueness Social Loafing Tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when individuals are accountable Ingham 1974 Tug of war study o People pull 18 harder when they thought they were alone When they thought other people were there they didn t pull as hard Latane et al 1979 shouting and clapping o They blindfold 6 people put them in a semi circle and put head phones on and blind folds They can t see anyone else don t know what they are doing They are told to shout They were louder when they were ALONE rather than when they thought they were with others Free Riders people who benefit from the group but give little in return Reduce social loafing Individuals performance needs to be identifiable o o Challenging appealing involving tasks o Group members are friends or identified part of important group If you could do anything humanly possible Class responses o Hurt people o Cheating changing grades o Gaining secret info o o Running around naked Saving animals when this is done as a research experiment 1 Aggression 2 Charity 3 Academic dishonesty 4 Crime 5 Escapism 6 Political activities 7 Sexual behavior 8 Social disruption 9 10 Travel 11 Msc Interpersonal spying and eavesdropping 9 pro social 36 anti social 19 were non normative violate a social norm good bad 36 neutral Most frequent response Rob a bank 26 criminal acts 11 sexual acts 11 spying behavior DEINDIVIDUATION Loss of self awareness and evaluation apprehension What circumstances create this o Group size Larger group more unidentifiable more atrocities committed Mann 1981 larger crowd more likely to bait jumper If dark and large crowd people were more likely to bait the jumper and yell jump Do it jump Looters mobs etc You focus on situation in group and not yourself what group does you do you are the group o Physical anonymity Uniforms and masks Zimbardo 1979 2002 women in white coat and hood Women dressed in this held the shock button down twice as long as the women who were identifiable had name tags on Internet buy things you don t want people to see chat rooms etc Car honking study Halloween candy study o 4X4 Vehicle that is covered or convertible people in 4X4 are more likely to honk because they have anonymity o Alone or in groups They were told please take one piece and then they would walk away Others were watching When kids were in
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