Unformatted text preview:

SOP3004 - Unit 3 ExamChapter 9 - PrejudiceChapter 10 - AggressionChapter 12 - Prosocial BehaviorSOP3004 - Unit 3 Exam Chapter 9 - Prejudice•Prejudice: A generalized negative attitude toward members of a group.•Stereotype: A generalized belief about members.oThey are not always negative. oThere can be good stereotypes.oThey are not always conscious (many are non-conscious).oThey are not always wrong. -Discrimination: Behaviors directed toward people on the basis of their group membership. oTwo types: Traditional and Modern.-Traditional Discrimination: School segregation, voting rights, etc. This type of discrimination can still be seen in sexual orientation through certain establishment’s refusal to serve gays and lesbians. -Modern Discrimination: Informal hiring practices, social interactions, etc. More subtle then traditional, but often just as damaging. -Aversive Racism: Alternating positive and negative responses to Black people.oEgalitarian views and non-prejudiced self image. oNegative feelings (discomfort) and beliefs. oResponse is determined by the presence of a nonracial justification for thenegative response. oFrey and Gartner (1986) 1Examined willingness to help a partner working on a subtle task.Always white participant partnered with either a black or white person. They examined the percent of participants who gave letters to their partners—with two categories: deserving and undeserving.In the “deserving” category there was not much difference between black and white. In “undeserving” category there was a big difference. Less black people got help compared to the white people. (Aversive Racism)-Benevolent Sexism: Paternalism, seeing women as virtuous and fragile. This type of sexism can be worse than hostile but, it is less likely to lead to confrontation. -Hostile Sexism: Angry responses to feminism and female dominance. oEx: Not hiring women, to their face, because of their gender.-Social Origins of Prejudice:oSocial Status/Social Inequalities—Prejudice helps justify the economic and social superiority of those who have wealth and power. Social Dominance Orientation: A motivation to have one’s group dominate other social groups. oLearned Prejudice (from parents, teachers, friends, etc.)—Comes from ouracquired values and attitudes. 2Ethnocentric: Believing in the superiority of one’s own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups. oThe Authoritarian Personality: A personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of out-groups and those lower in status.oReligion—“God created a social order” oConformity—Once established, prejudice is maintain largely by inertia. It becomes socially acceptable.oSocial Institutions (schools, government, media, etc.) – May bolster prejudice through overt policies such as segregation, or by passively reinforcing the status quo.- Social Identity Theory: (3 Parts)1. We want to feel good about ourselves. 2. Our identity (partly) comes from groups to which we belong.3. Seeing our group as better than other groups raises self-esteem. o The Social Identity Theory is NOT inherently negative but it can lead to negative affects. Strong in-group identification can lead to strong out-group prejudice.- Tajfel and Wilkes (1963) Categorization Study o Participants judged line lengths—some with letters on them, some without.o This study demonstrated accentuation and out-group homogeneity. o Accentuation: Tendency to exaggerate differences between members of different categories. 3 Participants also underestimated within category differences. o Out-Group Homogeneity: Tendency to perceive more similarity among members of groups we don’t belong to than among members of our own group.  Makes us a lot more likely to engage in stereotyping. - Illusory Correlation: Perceiving a correlation where none exists or overestimating a correlation’s magnitude. o Caused by distinctiveness (remember availability heuristic). - Hamilton and Gifford (1976)o Participants read 39 sentences of someone doing a behavior. o They were then separated into groups A and B – the groups varied by size.o Negative behaviors are more distinct (they stand out).o Group B became a “minority” group because they had less people and less sentences.o Participants were asked how many positive and negative behaviors each group performed and they overestimated the negative behaviors of Group B.o Participants were asked to describe traits of each group and they described Group B in more negative terms. - Two-Stage Activation Process:1. Activation – Stereotype comes to mind.2. Application – Using the stereotype. o Devine (1989): He believed that “Activation” was universally automatic and that “Application” was controlled. 4- Activation (Wittenbrink 1997)o White participants primed with the word “Black” or “White”o Lexical decision task (word or not).o The words were positive or negative Black and White stereotypes.o Participants who were primed the word “Black” only activated the negativeBlack stereotypes.o Participants who activated the positive “White” stereotypes were White participants. o Not all stereotypes were activated. o They found that explicit prejudice is correlated with stereotype activation. o Activation is NOT universal – it requires motivation. - Gilbert and Hixon (1991) o Study 1: Participants saw cards turned containing word fragments. Some fragments could be completed with Asian stereotypes (e.g. R_CE; S_Y) Card turner was either Asian or White.  Participants either cognitively busy or not.  Participants who were cognitively busy filled in about the same amount of words with the Asian and the White card turner. Participants who were not cognitively busy filled in more Asian stereotypes with the Asian card turner. MEANING—Devine (1989) is NOT right – Activation is NOT automatic. o Study 2:5 Phase 1: Participants see Asian card turner vs. White card turner.  Phase 2: Participants listen to typical day in her life.  4 “busyness” conditions:1. Busy during card turning/ Busy during listening = Always busy 2. Busy during card turning/ Not busy during listening = Early busy3. Not busy during card turning/ Busy during listening = Late busy 4. Not busy during car turning/ Not busy during listening = Never busy  In the “Always” and “Early” busy categories the stereotypes were


View Full Document

FSU SOP 3004 - Unit 3 Exam

Documents in this Course
Emotions

Emotions

12 pages

Notes

Notes

9 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

8 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

13 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

22 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

9 pages

Test 1

Test 1

18 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

6 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

59 pages

Groups

Groups

31 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

6 pages

MORALITY

MORALITY

14 pages

Test 2

Test 2

10 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

13 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

7 pages

Groups

Groups

26 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

7 pages

Chapter 1

Chapter 1

14 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

22 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

32 pages

Morality

Morality

10 pages

Prejudice

Prejudice

11 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

5 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

7 pages

Test 2

Test 2

13 pages

Chapter 4

Chapter 4

15 pages

Prejudice

Prejudice

18 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

18 pages

TEST 1

TEST 1

66 pages

EXAM 3

EXAM 3

40 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

19 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

7 pages

Attitudes

Attitudes

37 pages

Test 2

Test 2

11 pages

Test 2

Test 2

21 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

25 pages

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1

13 pages

Chapter 4

Chapter 4

14 pages

Notes

Notes

52 pages

Chapter 1

Chapter 1

10 pages

Chapter 7

Chapter 7

10 pages

Notes

Notes

9 pages

Load more
Download Unit 3 Exam
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Unit 3 Exam and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Unit 3 Exam 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?