Study Guide for Exam 4-Test will only have Multiple Choice or True/False Questions and will take place on Thursday, April 19th. The test will be about 40-50 questions and cover all material from reading assignments and lectures through the date of the test. The test will be about 3/4 from lectures, 1/4 from reading assignments. If you have thoroughly filled out everything on the study guide below and made a separate study guide with a list of the bold terms from the reading, you should be prepared for the test. We will cover units 12, 13, 8, and 14.UNITE 12: CLOSE RELATIONSHIPSFrom the reading:-BOLD TERMS: My suggestion is to make flashcards out of all the bold terms as you read each day (or just make a separate list of the bold terms) and make sure that you can define each bold term, offer examples of each bold term, etc. In addition, you are responsible for understanding the following concepts from the reading:attachment style:-Define the original 3 main types of attachment style (anxious/ambivalent, avoidant, and secure) -Define the 4 types of attachment in the revised model and know how they differ -on each of the 2 dimensions of anxiety and avoidance. -Preoccupied or Anxious Ambivalent: High on Anxiety (negative attitude towardsself) and Low on Avoidance (negative attitude towards others)-Fearful Avoidant: High on anxiety and high on avoidance-Secure: Low on anxiety, low on avoidance-Dismissing Avoidant: Low on anxiety, high on avoidanceWhat is a social constructionist theory of sexuality? What is an evolutionary theory of sexuality? Describe the basic tenets of Bem’s theory on sexualityDescribe the basic tenets of Diamond’s 2-systems theory of sexuality Also know answers to the following questions from the book:1) Do men have a stronger sex drive than women?2) Who can more easily enjoy love without sex – men or women?3) Who can more easily enjoy sex without love – men or women?4) Define erotic plasticity. Which gender exhibits higher erotic plasticity? 5) Who is the gatekeeper of sex? (who restricts sex and decides when it will happen?)From the lectures:-Define the 3 essential components of love (also known as Sternberg’s triangle) -Passion: physiological arousal, longing, sexual attraction-Intimacy: close bond, sharing, support-Commitment: willing to define as love, long termLiking–just intimacyInfatuation–just passionEmpty love–just commitmentPassionate or romantic love –passion and intimacy without commitmentCompanionate love – intimacy and commitment without passionFatuous love – Passion and commitment without intimacyConsummate love – all 3 components-Over the long-term, what seems to increase (commitment and intimacy) and what seems to decrease? (passion) -Passionate sexual attraction fades with time.-But feelings of intimacy and commitment increasePassion important for starting a relationshipCommitment and intimacy necessary to ensure the relationship lastsBeginning of marriageSex ~18 times/mthAfter 2 yearsSex ~9 times/mthAfter 3 yearsSorry guys but it goes down even further-What is the difference between an exchange vs. communal relationship. Identify examples of each -Exchange (equity) – Based on reciprocity and fairness- “You owe me one!”- More likely in relationships driven by passion-Communal – Based on mutual love and concern (do things for each other without expecting to be repaid)- more likely in relationships with established commitment- More mature and secure – bond of trust established between individuals. Relationship partners can feel safe-What are the 3 main components of Rusbult’s investment model? 1.Satisfaction – Do you like your partner?-Positive (rewards) and negative (costs) experiences2.Quality of available alternatives -Maybe relationship isn’t satisfying, but there is no one else available-Relationship may be incredibly satisfying, but there are better others out there3.Investment – how much has your partner put into the relationship-Sunk costs – Time, effort, emotion and other resources put into the relationship that can’t be gotten back-If you struggle to keep the relationship going for several years and just end it, that’s 2 years of work down the drain-If you are satisfied with your relationship, don’t see alternatives and have invested in the relationship relationship remains-If any of these factors is not up to par the relationship is more likely to end-What did we say about how happiness in a relationship changes over time? What does survey research reveal about what happens with the best relationships and the worst relationships?-Maintenance-I love you more each day… ?-Relationships start off good-Good ones stay good-Bad ones get worse-Positive vs. Negative events-What is Gottman’s 5 to 1 ratio?- for a relationship to survive, you need about 5 positive interactions for every 1 negative.-According to Gottman, what are the relationship killers? Can you define them and identify examples? Can you explain which are a particular problem for women vs. men? (criticizing, stonewalling, contempt, reciprocity of bad behaviors) -Gottman: Relationship killers:-Men: stonewalling-Women: criticizing -BOTH: contempt-invest in some Kleenex® -Reciprocity of negative behavior:-responding to something bad with -something else bad-EX: Here's the typical cycle: Women criticize men, and men become defensive and emotionally withdraw from a criticism or conflict. Stonewalling is easy torecognize. Men cross their arms, roll their eyes, and adopt a fixed "stone-face", sometimes turning away and speaking very little, if at all. Women, of course, react poorly to stonewalling, becoming angry, hurt, and frustrated, which likely causes them to criticize even more. Researchers have determined that stonewalling puts tremendous physiological stress on the closed-down man's heart and autonomic nervous system, and produces measurable negative stress reactions for his mate as well. The reason: Men stuff their emotions without physically withdrawing from the conflict, while women tune-in to the man's emotions. Any way you look at stonewalling, both husband and wife suffer. -What attributions are made for good and bad behavior in a relationship-enhancing attribution style and distress-enhancing attribution style? Be able to identify examples -Relationship-enhancing attribution:-Internal for good behavior-External for bad behavior-Distress-maintaining attribution:-External for good behavior-Internal
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