Study Guide for Exam 1 -Test will only have Multiple Choice or True/False Questions and will take place on Tuesday, Sept 27th from 8:00-9:15. Most people finish the test in about 50 minutes, so if everyone finishes early, I’ll still be there until 9:15. Feel free to hang out afterwards and ask me questions about social psych. The test will be about 40-50 questions and cover all material from reading assignments and lectures through the date of the test. The test will be about 3/4 from lectures, 1/4 from reading assignments. If you have thoroughly filled out everything on the study guide below, you should be prepared for the test. Bold terms from the reading: -Make sure you have done the reading well. My suggestion is to make flashcards out of all the bold terms as you read each day (or just make a separate list of the bold terms) and make sure that you can define each bold term, offer examples (think of examples for each term that you can relate to) of each bold term, etc. Select bold terms from reading assignments: (Chapters 1 through 4) Chapter 1 Social Psychology: branch of psychology that seeks an understanding of how people affect and are affected by others Behaviorism: theoretical approach that seeks to explain behavior in terms of learning principles, without reference to inner states, thoughts, or feelings Freduian Psychoanalysis: theoretical approach that seeks to explain behavior by looking at the deep unconscious forces inside the person ABC Triad: (A): Affect (how people feel inside), (B) Behavior (what people do), (C) Cognition (what people think about) Anthropology: the study of human culture – the shared values, beliefs, and practices of a group of people Economics: The study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services History: is the study of past events; for humans to progress they should understand past events and learn from them Political Science: the study of political organizations and institutions, especially governmentsSociology: the study of human societies and the groups that form those societies Biological/Physiological Psychology (neuroscience): focused on learning about what happens in the brain, nervous system, and other aspects of the body. Clinical Psychology: focuses on “abnormal” behavior, in contrast to social psychology, which focuses more on “normal” behavior Cognitive psychology: the basic study of though processes, such as how memory works and what events people notice Developmental Psychology: the study of how people change across their lives, from conception and birth to old age and death Personality Psychology: focuses on important differences between individuals, as well as inner processes Philosophy: “love of wisdom”; the pursuit of knowledge about fundamental matters such as life, death, meaning, reality, and truth Applied research: research that focuses on solving particular practical problems Hypothesis: an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proven; an educated guess Theories: composed of constructs (abstract ideas or concepts) that are linked together in some logical way Independent Variable: any observable event that causes the person to do something Dependent Variable: Any observable behavior produced by the person, assumed to depend on the values of the independent variable Operational Definition: classifies theoretical constructs in terms of observable operations, procedures, and measurements Confederate: someone who is secretly working for the researcher Construct Validity of the Cause: means that the independent variable is a valid representation of the theoretical stimulus Construct Validity of the effect: means that the dependent variable is a valid representation of the theoretical responseRandom Assignment: each participant has an equal chance of being in each group defined in the experiment; the researcher attempts to ensure that there are no initial differences between groups Quasi-experiment: the researcher “takes people as they are”; often use preexisting groups, because random assignment is not possible Internal Validity: when the researcher can be relatively confident that changes in the independent variable caused changes in the dependent variable; usually very high in experimental studies Factorial Design: an experiment that includes more than one independent variable or factor -Main effect -Interaction Reactance: unpleasant emotional response that people often experience when someone is trying to restrict their freedom Field Experiment: an experiment conducted in a real-world setting Experimental realism: the extent to which study participants get so caught up in the procedures they forget they are in an experiment Mundane realism: the extent to which the setting of an experiment physically resembles the real world External Validity: the extent to which the findings from a study can be generalized to other people, other settings, and other time periods Correlational approach: a non-experimental method in which the researcher merely observes whether variables associated are related Correlation: the relationship or association between two variables Correlation coefficient: ( r ) the statistical relationship or association between two variables Meta-analysis: is the quantitative literature review that combines the statistical results from all studies conducted on a topic Replication: repeating a study to be sure similar results can be obtained Chapter 2Psyche: a broader term for mind, encompassing emotions, desires, perceptions, and all other psychological processes Nature: the physical world around us, including laws and processes Theory of Evolution: a theory proposed by Charles Darwin to explain how change occurs in nature Natural selection: the process whereby those members of a species that survive and reproduce most effectively are the ones that pass along their genes to future generations Survival: living longer Reproduction: producing babies that survive long enough to also produce Mutation: a new gene or combination of genes Social animals: animals that seek connections to others and prefer to live, work, and play with other members of their species Cultural animals: the view that evolution shaped the human psyche so as to enable humans to create and take part in culture Praxis: practical ways of doing things Culture:
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