Social Psych Textbook Notes 10 10 2012 PAGE 129 152 Automatic Controlled Thinking Humans have a duplex mind Stroop test color test Stroop effect first described by James Ridley Stroop in 1935 o Babies can ace the test because they cannot read Five elements distinguish automatic from controlled processes o Awareness intention control effort and efficiency Automatic thinking relies on knowledge structures and requires little Knowledge structures organized packets of info that are stored effort in memory Schemas Scripts Knowledge structures that represent substantial information about a concept its attributes and its relationships to other concepts Knowledge structures that contain information about how people behave under varying circumstances Motives goals intentions situations that enable certain behaviors Priming Activating a concept in the mind Framing how information is presented to others Gain framed appeal focuses on how doing something will make you feel healthier flossing your teeth will remove bacteria Loss framed appeal focuses on the downside such as the potential for great illness if you don t floss your teeth you will have particles of food in your mouth that remain Attributions Why did that happen Inferences people make about events in their lives It s not my fault Explaining Success and Failure Self serving bias occurs for several reasons Main reason interpreting events in that way makes people feel good You looking at me The actor observer bias Actors make external attributions Observers make internal attributions Ultimate attribution error error involves making an internal attribution about whole groups of people instead of specific individuals People judge others by their actions but judge themselves by their intentions Covariation model same situation situation Consensus whether other people would do the same thing in the Consistency whether the person typically behaves this way in this Distinctiveness whether the person would behave differently in a different situation Attribution cube uses three types of information consensus consistency and distinctiveness Heuristics Mental Shortcuts Confirmation bias the tendency to notice and search for information that confirms one s beliefs and to ignore information that disconfirms one s Conjunction fallacy tendency for people to see an event as more likely as it becomes more specific because is joined with elements that seem similar to beliefs events that are likely Illusory correlation Tendency to overestimate the link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all One shot illusory correlation an illusory correlation that occurs after exposure to only one unusual behavior performed by only one member of an unfamiliar group Base rate fallacy tendency to ignore or underuse base rate information and instead to be influenced by the distinctive features of the case being judged Gambler s fallacy the hot hand Hot hand tendency for gamblers who get lucky to think they have a hot hand and their luck will continue Illusion of control the false belief that one can influence certain events especially random or chance ones Magical thinking thinking based on assumptions that don t hold up to rational scrutiny 108 117 Self Regulation 10 10 2012 The self s capacity to alter it s own responses self control Three main components standards monitoring and strength Self in Action 161 176 183 186 10 10 2012 What is Emotion Conscious Emotion Versus Automatic Effect Conscious emotion powerful single feeling state Automatic affect responses of liking or disliking of good and bad feelings toward something Emotional Arousal James Lange Theory of Emotion emotion Facial feedback hypothesis Bodily processes of emotion come first and the mind s perception of these bodily reactions then creates the subjective feeling of Feedback from the face muscles evokes or magnifies emotions Cannon Bard Theory of Emotion The thalamus will send two messages at the same time one message that produces the emotional experience fear and one message that produces an increase in physiological arousal Shacter Singer Theory of Emotion Emotion has two components a bodily state of arousal and a cognitive label that specifies the emotion Misattribution of arousal Excitation transfer arousal from first event transfers to the second event o Ex drinking caffeinated tea frustration Some important emotions Happiness The hedonic treadmill Anger Affect balance frequency of positive emotions minus the frequency of negative emotions A theory proposing that people stay at about the same level of happiness regardless of what happens to them An emotional response to a real or imagined threat or provocation The Catharsis theory expressing negative emotions produces a healthy release of those emotions and is therefore good for the psyche Guilt and shame Guilt unpleasant moral emotion associated with a specific instance in which one has acted badly or wrongly Shame a moral emotion that like guilt involves feeling bad but spreads to the whole person Exam 3 Textbook Notes 10 10 2012 Attraction powerpoint Read 329 336 372 377 Attraction Who likes whom them Ingratiation what people actively do to try to make someone like Similarity Complementarity oppositeness Opposites attract or Birds of a feather flock together Similarity is a common and significant cause of attraction Self monitoring the ability to change one s behavior for different situations situation o People high in self montoring seek to maximize each social o People low in self monitoring seek attention to permanent connections and feelings rather than fluctuating ones o Matching hypothesis the proposition that people tend to pair up with others who are equally attractive o As people get to know each other and find out about dissimilarities liking goes down Social Rewards You make me feel good Reinforcement theory the proposition that people and animals will perform behaviors that have been rewarded more than they will perform other behaviors o People would mainly like others who are rewarding to them those who benefit them or make them feel good o Two themes of ingratitation Favors Praise Tit for tat Reciprocity and liking Culture depends on reciprocity If I do something for you you should do something for me in return Reciprocity is also important in liking Trustworthiness is most valued in social appeal Mimicry causes liking to increase People are positively attracted when they learn that someone likes them
View Full Document
Unlocking...