EXAM 2 Chapter 4 Behavior Control Bold terms from the reading Risk aversion in decision making the greater weight given to possible losses than Temporal discounting in decision making the greater weight given to the present over Certainty effect in decision making the greater weight given to definite outcomes than to possible gains the future probabilities Error management theory the idea that both men and women seek to minimize the most costly type of error but that men s and women s goals and hence worst errors differ Status quo bias the preference to keep things the way they are rather than change Omission bias the tendency to take whatever course of action does not require you to do Reactance theory the idea that people are distressed by loss of freedom or options and anything also called the default option seek to reclaim or reassert them Entity theorists those who believe that traits are fixed stable things entities and thus people should not be expected to change Incremental theorists those who believe that traits are subject to change and improvement Learned helplessness belief that one s actions will not bring about desired outcomes Self determination theory the theory that people need to feel at least some degree of leading one to give up and quit trying autonomy and internal motivation Panic button effect a reduction in stress or suffering due to a belief that one has the option of escaping or controlling the situation even if one doesn t exercise it Goal an idea of some desired future state Zeignarik effect a tendency to experience automatic intrusive thoughts about a goal who Goal shielding when the activation of a focal goal the person is working on inhibits the Planning fallacy the tendency for plans to be overly optimistic because the planner fails pursuit has been interrupted accessibility of alternative goals to allow for unexpected problems Self regulation the self s capacity to alter its own responses self control Monitoring keeping track of behaviors or responses to be regulated Tote the self regulation feedback loop of test operate test exit Capacity for change the active phase of self regulation willpower Self defeating behavior any action by which people bring failure suffering or misfortune on themselves Capacity for delay gratification the ability to make immediate sacrifices for later rewards From the lectures Self Determination Theory define intrinsic versus extrinsic motivations Know the benefits of self determined behavior Extrinsic originate outside the self e g outside pressure felt to be less free Intrinsic originate inside the self i e a deep passion to succeed Benefits When people behave from intrinsic motivation they experience more satisfaction more interest in what they are doing more confident perform better more creativity happier and healthier What is the panic button effect Just knowing you have an out makes things less stressful even if you never use it Be able to explain reactance theory What are some of the common consequences of reactance Brehm 1966 People have a negative reaction to having options taken away or freedom reduced The forbidden option is more attractive and people will take steps to reassert freedom Sometimes people will act aggressively towards the person who restricted the freedom Be able to define and identify examples of risk aversion temporal discounting the certainty effect keeping options open Risk aversion avoiding losses matters more than pursuing gains EX people are more upset by losing 50 than they are happy about winning 50 Temporal discounting The further away a payoff is the less it is worth EX 1000 today is worth 1200 a year from now Certainty effect the more certain something is the more it is worth EX Sudents asked to evaluate insurance costly only 50 of normal but which would only out 50 of cases though their premium would be refunded if they did not get the payout 80 of students chose to refuse the insurance Keeping options open People tend to prefer to postpone decisions if that will allow them to keep options open EX double majoring Be able to define and give examples of satisficing Satisficing meeting the minimum threshold of acceptability EX A mouse is searching for cheese in a maze The mouse might begin searching for a piece of Gouda but unable to find any would eventually be satisfied and could suffice with any piece of cheese such as cheddar Iyengar and Lepper 1999 2000 Be able to describe their findings and how they demonstrated why too much choice can be harmful People are less likely to purchase a jam or chocolate or write an optional essay for class if given 24 or 30 options instead of 6 The study reported less satisfaction with choices and wrote lower quality essays if given more choices Be able to describe the difference between the goals of Satisficers and Maximizers and the benefits of taking a satisficing approach to decision making Satisficers take whatever is at least acceptable in order to exert the least amount of effort while maximizers want the best option and will exert lots of effort to find it On average maximizers are more depressed less happy less optimistic less satisfied with life and have lower self esteem They are also less happy with their choice report more regret after choice take longer and engage in more social comparison There are benefits to the experience of control and free choice and people seems to seek it out however there are also draw backs Know the definition of self control The ability to control regulate emotions desires behaviors Know the 4 main domains categories of self control be able to identify examples Thought control What you think in your mind Affect control Your emotions Impulse control Your natural instincts Performance control Your actions Describe the findings of the Mischel study Mischel used 4 year olds and gave them a marshmallow He told them they could eat it now or if they waited they would get another marshmallow when he returned in 15 minutes Individuals who waited longer for the marshmallow had attained higher levels of education had better jobs and earned more money than individuals who just couldn t wait Describe and give examples of 1 Wegner s 2 process theory hint know what the two systems are called know what they do know what is meant by the white bear effect know what is meant by oppression equals obsession etc There are two systems the monitoring system and the operating system The monitoring system detects inconsistencies
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