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A movement in social psychology that began in the 1970s that focused on thoughts about people and about CH 5 SOCIAL COGNITION social relationships COGNITIVE MISERS o Without awareness o Reluctance to do much extra thinking o People are lazy have limited resources o Mental shortcuts o Reliance on the automatic system AUTOMATIC THINKING v DELIBERATE THINKING Not guided by intention Not deliberately controlled No effort required Very efficient fast AUTOMATIC AND DELIBERATE THINKING People prefer to conserve effort by relying on automatic modes of thought when they can o Automatic mind develops various shortcuts which give rough estimates or pretty good answers o Not very good at some kinds of thinking Logical reasoning Mathematics KNOWLEDGE STUCTURES MENTAL GROUPINGS OF INFORMATION o Used by Automatic System SCHEMAS o Information about A concept Its attributes Its relationships to other concepts o EXAMPLE schema for college professor SCRIPTS o Schemas about certain kinds of events o EXAMPLE Class Arrive on time Sit in your usual place Get out your notes Teacher arrives lectures You pay attention take notes You leave when class is over PRIMING Activating a concept in the mind so that related ideas are more accessible Influences thinking May trigger automatic processes o Happens when you encounter stimuli Sights sounds etc EXAMPLES pop quiz Primes anxiety alertness o Some primes are subliminal or below the level of conscious awareness HOT COFFEE STUDY Holland Hendricks Aarts 2005 1 Some P s come into lab that smells of citrus scent all purpose cleaner 2 Some P s come into lab with no scent 3 Given a pastry to eat 4 Did they clean up crumbs a More P s cleaned up crumbs that were in scented lab FRAMING Information presented as positive or negative o Partially depends on amount of attention paid level of processing o EXAMPLE Just five low payments of only 19 99 A cost of 100 Works perfectly 90 of the time vs Fails 10 of the time CH 5 ATTRIBUTION ATTRIBUTION Two Dimension Attribution Theory an explanation why we or others engaged in certain behavior o Internal disposition or mental state or External factors situation o Stable or Unstable factors Explaining Success Failure EXAMPLE Exam Performance Self Serving bias What kinds of attributions do we make Jones Harris 1967 1 P s read pro or anti Castro essay a Some P s were told that students were assigned the position by a professor b Some P s were told students freely chose the position 2 Participants estimated the student s true attitude FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR The tendency to make dispositional attributions for other s behavior even when plausible situational explanations exist Dispositional related to personality and internal traits ACTOR OBSERVER BIAS The tendency to make internal attributions for others behaviors o My neighbor did not say hi to me because she s a bitch Tendency to make external attributions for our own behaviors o I did not say hi to my neighbor because I was distracted by a loud noise CH 5 HEURISTIC MENTAL SHORTCUTS HEURISTIC mental shortcuts that provide quick estimates about the likelihood of events Representativeness Heuristic Availability Heuristic Simulation Heuristic Anchoring Adjustment Heuristic o EFFICIENT o Prone to predictable types of errors and often lead to correct answer REPRESENTATIVENESS HEURISTIC Judge likelihood by the extent it resembles the typical case o Linda is 31 years old single outspoken and very bright She majored in philosophy in college As a student she was deeply concerned with discrimination and other social issues and she participated in antinuclear demonstrations a Linda is a bank teller b Linda is a bank teller and active in the feminist movement A series of 10 coin tosses o T T H T H T H T H H o T T T T T T T T T T AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC Tendency to estimate the likelihood of event by how easily instances of it come to mind Fear of airplane crashes than car wrecks Easier to remember seeing hearing about o Which is scarier o Which kills more people SIMULATION HEURISTIC Tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which you can imagine or mentally simulate it o If we change an exam answer then get it wrong Imagine that you missed your flight to Munich by two hours Would you be more or less upset if you missed your flight by five minutes Counterfactual Thinking Thinking about alternative possibilities ANCHORING ADJUSTING HEURISTIC Tendency to be influenced by a starting point anchor when making decisions Why o Starting from the anchor they adjust slightly think about if that value is in the range of possibility Jacowitz Kahneman 1995 1 a Most people said greater 2 500 Is the distance between San Francisco to New York City in miles greater or lower than 1 500 2 Is the distance between San Francisco to New York City in miles greater or lower than 6 000 a Most people said lower 4 000 3 Actual Answer approximately 3 000 miles CH 5 WHAT IS THIS HEURISTIC Representativeness Availability Simulation Anchoring and Adjustment Tome is a 41 year old who reads nonfiction books listens to National Public radio and plays tennis What is more likely a Tom is an Ivy League professor b Tom is a truck driver Most people answer a CH 5 ERRORS BIASES ILLUSORY CORRELATIONS CONFIRMATION BIAS GAMBLER S FALLACY THE HOT HAND FALSE CONSENSU EFFECT FALSE UNIQUENESS EFFECT COUNTERFACTUAL THINKING Base Rate Fallacy Perseverance of Theories Polarization Statistical Regression Illusion of Control CONFIRMATION BIAS Tendency to notice and search for information that confirms beliefs ignore info that disconfirms More attention paid to confirming evidence ILLUSORY CORRELATION Tendency to overestimate link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all Rare events are more noticeable memorable EXAMPLE Psychic link phone calls o You are thinking about someone and o You are not thinking of someone and They call you They don t call you They call you They don t call you Hamilton Gifford 1976 1 Participants read a series of sentences describing a desirable or undesirable behavior from a person belonging to group A or B a Two thirds involved a member of Group A majority b The ratio of desirable to undesirable behaviors was the same for both groups 2 Participants estimated the number of desirable and undesirable behaviors performed by members of each group GAMBLER S FALLACY THE HOT HAND Suppose you flip a coin 10 times You flip 9 heads in a row What is your next flip more


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FSU SOP 3004 - CH. 5: SOCIAL COGNITION

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