With high empathy I ll help someone not to reduce their pain persay but because empathy makes me feel their distress and I help to relieve my own distresss 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 easy escape difficult escape Column1 high empathy low empathy We know when people help but why do people help Omoto Snyder 1995 looked at non profit volunteer organizations for aids and asked people why they volunteered They looked at all the reasons people helped and noticed they kindof clustered into 5 different areas o 5 Reasons for helping 1 Values Because I enjoy helping others 2 Community Concern Because of my sense of obligation to the community 3 Understanding To understand the problem and what it does to people 4 Personal Development To make new friends and meet new people 5 Esteem Enhancement To feel less lonely o 1 and 2 are altruistic and 3 4 and 5 are egoistic o So how long did these AIDs workers stay as volunteers Who stays longer altruistic types of people or egoistic people Interestingly those with egoistic motives worked longer than those with altruistic motives however those with altruistic motives were happier with what they were doing How would we capitalize on the egoistic people knowing that they tend to stay longer Give these people an egoistic motivator like public external recognition Other Factors influencing Helping o Kinship Burnstein et al 1994 Evolution suggests we are motivated to ensure successive transfer of our genes down the line helping ourselves being the easiest and best way to do this but by also helping people who have a lot of our genes Studies down where o How likely would you be to help Your parent Your sibling Your cousin Your aunt An acquaintance o Durin everyday chores or a life and death situation For everyday chores helping likeliness goes down as the helping person has less change This is even more extreme for life and death situations Therefore kinship is an important factor for prosocial behavior o Mood people in bad moods use helping as a mood regulation strategy they help to See text for other factors improve their own mood o Belief in a just world If you have a really strong belief in a just world then you belief that everything that happens in the world is just right fair ex if someone falls and hurts themselves you believe that that s what deserves to them and you don t help Bad things happen to bad people good things happen to good people Essentially people that have a strong belief in a just world are LESS likely to help Three concepts to Distinguish Bystander Effect when people are standing around and don t help as of bystanders increases our tendency to provide help decreases Diffusion of Responsibility prevents us from assuming responsibility in a situation we observe as an emergency Pluralistic Ignorance prevents us from seeing something as an emergency b c we tend to look to others to see what to do and what to think The empathy altruism hypothesis predicts that helping occurs when people have empathy for the victim AGGRESSION What causes aggression Who behaves aggressively Is aggression innate or learned Aggression It is behavior not just angry feelings It is intended not accidental No prosocial component o Dentist drilling your teeth o Boxing Aggression vs violence E g Verbal Relational o Violence physical aggression where the goal is extreme harm injury or death o All violence is aggression but not all types of aggression are violence Types of aggression Violenct verbal relational Hostile reactive aggression vs instrumental proactive aggression o Hostile aggressivon is a reactive emotional response to something o Instrumental aggression is where you use ggression as a means of something like hitmen He would get paid to kill people or it was in his interests for someone to not be alive anymore wasn t an emotional reaction to something aggression was used as an instrument to achieve something else More types of aggression Active aggression vs passive aggression o Actively doing something o Passive not doing something that is normally expected like putting the toilet seat down eg leaving it up on purpose the thing youre not doing needs to be something that is expected under normal circumstances Violent relational verbal Hostile instrumental Active passive Pam spreads rumors about joe because he dumped her hostile relational active Ashley doesn t give her boyfriend the message from work because she s mad at him for working too much hostile passive Peter shoots his wife to get her life insurance violent instrumental active Where does aggression come from Is aggression natural or learned Aggression is INNATE at least some degree of aggressive impulses It s part of every species competing for resources land etc Animals without language must resolve disputes with anger Aggression is INNATE but VARIABLE and MALLEABLE Aggressive environments o Like people around guns o Or when your at a boxing match Aggressive individuals How does the situation influence whatever behavior we re looking at in this case aggression Aggression as an evolved tool Helpful for acquiring material resources o Animals fight for food the mob will kill people for money we ll go to wars for resources Helpful for achieving or maintaining social status o Aression often motivated by insults put downs o Defend or enhance reputation social standing We are hard wired for violence and aggression nature says go culture says stop Aggression occurs not because it is learned but because people FAIL TO CONTROL AGGERSSIVE IMPULSES Theories of Aggression goal frustration pain discomfort heat Most famous theory earlier on Frustration aggression hypothesis o Blocked goal didn t get a pay raise you experience frustration anger aggression punch boss in face Frustration always and invariably leads to aggression and it must be frustration for a blocked goal o Harris 1974 Confed cut Participant in line In front of 2nd or 12th person How much physical and verbal aggression was expressed by P Generalizes to other unpleasant feelings Pain o Cold presser task increased aggression o Has nothing to do with a blocked goal Heat Discomfort o Assaults and murders o Aggressive horn honking even more likely to be aggressive if they have the windows down broken ac o Urban riots are more common in the hotter months Stress o Relationship between socioeconomic status SES and child abuse domestic abuse disappears when accounting for stress o Violent crime at its highest during economic recession stress
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