With high empathy.. I’ll help someone not to reduce their pain persay.. but because empathy makes me feel their distress and I help to relieve my own distresss……high empathy low empathy0102030405060708090100easy escapedifficult escapeColumn1We know when people help, but why do people help?- Omoto & Snyder (1995) (looked at non-profit volunteer organizations for aids and asked people why they volunteered. They looked at all the reasons people helped and noticed they kindof clustered into 5 different areas)o 5 Reasons for helping: 1. Values – “Because I enjoy helping others” 2. Community Concern – “Because of my sense of obligation to the community” 3. Understanding – “To understand the problem and what it does to people” 4. Personal Development – “To make new friends and meet new people” 5. Esteem Enhancement – “To feel less lonely”o 1 and 2 are altruistic, and 3 4 and 5 are egoistico So how long did these AIDs workers stay as volunteers? Who stays longer, altruistic types of people or egoistic people? Interestingly, those with egoistic motives worked longer than those with altruistic motives.. however those with altruistic motives were happier with what they were doing How would we capitalize on the egoistic people, knowing that they tend to stay longer- Give these people an egoistic motivator like public/external recognition- Other Factors influencing Helpingo Kinship (Burnstein et al. 1994) Evolution suggests we are motivated to ensure successive transfer of our genes down the line.. helping ourselves being the easiest and best way to do this, but by also helping people who have a lot of our genes……..- Studies down where…o How likely would you be to help: Your parent? Your sibling? Your cousin? Your aunt? An acquaintance?o Durin everyday chores or a life-and-death situationFor everyday chores, helping likeliness goes down as the helping person has less changeThis is even more extreme for life-and-death situationsTherefore, kinship is an important factor for prosocial behavior- See text for other factors!o Mood (people in bad moods use helping as a mood-regulation strategy.. they help to improve their own mood)o Belief in a just world If you have a really strong belief in a just world, then you belief that everything that happens in the world is just/right/fair… ex: if someone falls and hurts themselves, you believe that that’s what deserves to them and you don’t help Bad things happen to bad people, good things happen to good peopleEssentially people that have a strong belief in a just world are LESS likelyto helpThree concepts to Distinguish- Bystander Effect – when people are standing around and don’t help.. as # of bystanders increases, our tendency to provide help decreases- Diffusion of Responsibility – prevents us from assuming responsibility in a situation we observe as an emergency- Pluralistic Ignorance – prevents us from seeing something as an emergency b/c we tend to look to others to see what to do and what to think….The empathy-altruism hypothesis predicts that helping occurs when people have empathy for the victim.AGGRESSION!What causes aggression?Who behaves aggressively?Is aggression innate or learned?Aggression- It is behavior! (not just angry feelings)- It is intended (not accidental)- No prosocial componento Dentist drilling your teetho Boxing- Aggression vs. violenceo Violence: physical aggression where the goal is extreme harm, injury, or deatho All violence is aggression… but not all types of aggression are violence E.g.?- Verbal- RelationalTypes of aggression….- Violenct, verbal, relational- Hostile (reactive) aggression vs instrumental (proactive) aggressiono Hostile aggressivon is a reactive emotional response to somethingo Instrumental aggression is where you use ggression as a means of something.. like hitmen! He would get paid to kill people, or it was in his interests for someone to not be alive anymore.. wasn’t an emotional reaction to something… aggression was used as an instrument to achieve something elseMore types of aggression…- Active aggression vs passive aggressiono Actively doing somethingo Passive… not doing something that is normally expected(like putting the toilet seat down) eg leaving it up on purpose [the thing youre not doing needs to be something that is expected under normal circumstances]Violent/relational/verbal?Hostile/instrumental?Active/passive?Pam spreads rumors about joe because he dumped her… hostile, relational, activeAshley doesn’t give her boyfriend the message from work because she’s mad at him for working too much… hostile, passivePeter shoots his wife to get her life insurance… violent, instrumental, activeWhere does aggression come from?- Is aggression natural or learned?Aggression is INNATE (at least some degree of aggressive impulses)- It’s part of every species.. competing for resources, land, etc.- Animals without language must resolve disputes with angerAggression is INNATE… but VARIABLE and MALLEABLE- Aggressive environmentso Like people around gunso Or when your at a boxing match- Aggressive individualsHow does the situation influence whatever behavior we’re looking at? (in this case, aggression)Aggression as an evolved tool- Helpful for acquiring material resourceso Animals fight for food, the mob will kill people for money, we’ll go to wars for resources- Helpful for achieving or maintaining social statuso Aression often motivated by insults, put-downso Defend or enhance reputation, social standingWe are hard-wired for violence and aggression (nature says go, culture says stop)- Aggression occurs not because it is learned, but because people FAIL TO CONTROL AGGERSSIVE IMPULSESTheories of Aggression (goal frustration, pain, discomfort (heat..))Most famous theory earlier on…- Frustration-aggression hypothesiso Blocked goal (didn’t get a pay raise) you experience frustration/angeraggression (punch boss in face) Frustration always and invariably leads to aggression and it must be frustration for a blocked goalo Harris (1974) Confed cut Participant in line- In front of 2nd or 12th person How much physical and verbal aggression was expressed by P?Generalizes to other unpleasant feelings- Paino Cold presser task increased aggressiono Has nothing to do with a blocked goal- Heat/Discomforto Assaults and murderso Aggressive horn-honking (even more likely to
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