SOP 3004 Exam 4 Study GuideMORALITY- What is morality (including the 3 components)?o A psychological state that acts as IMMORAL and wrong Rather than just disagreeable, unfashionable, or imprudento Also MOTIVATES PUNISHMENT toward the immoral individual Not only is it OK to harm them, but wrong to let them “get away with it”o Morality can be turned OFF AND ON- Which moral rules discussed in class seem to be universal?o Many moral laws are universal: ex: murder and stealing- What are the indications we have that suggest that we are biologically programmed for morality?o We are programmed for morality (think of the video of the babies and good and bad stuffed animals- babies ALWAYS preferred the good animal)o Other species too (think of the video of the moneys- one monkey gets grapes, other gets a cucumber- the cucumber monkey gets mad that he’s not getting grapes and throws the cucumber back at the experimenter)- What is meant by “the elephant and the rider” metaphor?o Argument that people don’t use moral reasoning, but moral rationalization In other words, they start with the answers that comes from the unconscious and then- EX: The incense story: we all said it was morally wrong right awaythat a brother and sister were planning to make love, then work backwards to come up with a plausible justification- Unconscious instinct is revulsion when we are harming an innocento Shown not only with scenarios, but with MRI studies- What is the typical outcome of the train moral dilemmas? What are the two things that we learn from the train moral dilemmas?o Dilemma #1: 5 people tied to train track, 1 person tied to alternate track. Throw the lever to kill 1 instead of all 5 ??o Dilemma #2: 5 people tied to track, on a bridge with large man who could be thrown off to stop train (and save those 5- but he will die). Throw him off ?? RESULTS: pulling a lever is much more indirect, MORE LIKELY to do. Pushing the guy off a bridge is more direct, LESS LIKELY to do.- How does emotion relate to our morality?o Emotions play a VERY strong factor in our moral decision making (think back to pulling the lever or pushing the guy off the bridge)- how you would feel after iswhat drives you to decide to do it or not- What are the important emotions for morality and what do they tell us about morality?o Disgust = major motivator in morality keeps us away from immoral acts immorality leaves a bad taste in one's mouth (nasty taste, pictures of gross things, unfair treatment ALL THE SAME“disgust” face)o Sympathy : prompts people to offer the first favor, with the expectation of reciprocationo Anger : protects people from cheaters, motivating people to punish them or sever the relationshipo Gratitude : motivates one to reward those that helped them in the past- How do health vegetarians respond differently to food with meat in it than moral vegetarians? Why?o Morality comes with a feeling of righteousness Moral vegetarians are more likely to recruit people to become vegetarians too than health vegetarians because they have the drive to recruit others to their moral cause- How do people respond when they feel unethical?o Guilt: unpleasant moral emotion associated with a specific instance in which one has acted badly or wrongly Motivates people to make it up (Guilt = POWERFUL MOTIVATOR)- What were the methods and findings of the guilty participant study?o 1/2 of participants have confederate tell them about the study and all the answers beforeo When asked by experimenter, all say they know nothingo "A few extra, would you want to help me out with something?"o RESULTS: Those that didn't lie: helped after just a couple minutes Those that did lie: helped after about an hour GUILT IS A POWERFUL MOTIVATOR- What are the 6 moral spheres and what are the evolutionary explanations for each?o Harmo Fairnesso Libertyo Group loyalty (loyalty/betrayal) NOT A VIOLATION of your moral foundation: say something bad about your nation (which you don't believe) on a talk radio show in your nation VIOLATION of your moral foundation: sayEsomethingEbad about yournation (which you don't believe) on a talk radio show in a foreign nation- focus is on the building of strong group bonds; anything that interferes with the group and its goalsEmust be dealt with- *all about maintaining strong group bonds*o Authority (authority/subversion) NOT A VIOLATION: slap a friend in the face with his permission, as partof a comedy skit VIOLATION: slap your minister in the face, with his permission, as part of a comedy skit- focus is on group hierarchy and respect for those who are above you. people expect those lower to be submissive and to protect those higher up- *EVEN IF your authority figure says its ok to violate your moral foundation (and slap him in the face) you still feel against your morals*o Purity NOT A VIOLATOIN: attend a performance art piece in which the actors act like idiots for 30 mins, including flubbing simple problems and falling down on stage VIOLATION: attend a performance art piece in which the actors act like animals for 30 minutes, including crawling around naked and urinating on stage- Focus here is on feeling physically and mentally clean or pure from corruption- What cultural and political differences have been found for moral foundations?o 6 moral spheres are thought to be found universally in humans. However,EtheirEimportance can be affected by culture. Western nations: harm & fairness Japan: fear of nonconformity (higher in loyalty) Hindus/Jews: dietary restrictions (higher in purity) Muslims: insulting the prophet (higher in authority)o Differences in political beliefs: Democrats focus largely on harm, liberty and fairness moral spheres in their public policies Republicans focus on all six moral spheres equally Gay marriage: sometimes seen as a violation of purity morality sphere Smoking: sometimes seen as a violation of purity morality sphere- What is the moral licensing effect? What are the two theories to explain moral licensing effects and which is correct?o Moral licensing effect : past moral behavior makes people more likely to dopotentially immoral things without worrying about feeling or appearing immoralo TWO THEORIES OF MORAL LICENSING: Moral credentialing : reframes immoral behavior as not a transgression (not an act that goes against the law)- EX: Two tasks. First task was to select a person
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