Social Psychology Exam 3 Prejudice Class notes on Prejudice o Negative feelings toward someone based on group membership o Attitude Discrimination o Unequal treatment based on group membership o Behavior Stereotypes o Beliefs that associate groups with traits o Cognition Common prejudices and targets o Most prejudice arise from external characteristics Racial prejudice racism Gender prejudice Sexism Prejudice and discrimination against Arabs increased since 9 11 o Most ppl claim not to be prejudiced Behavior may differ from expressed attitudes Public attitudes may differ from private ones Modern vs traditional prejudices o Traditional laws and overt behavior o Modern more subtle Aversive racism alternating positive and negative responses to black ppl o Egalitarian values and nonprejudiced self image o Negative feelings discomfort and beliefs o Response is determined by presence of nonracial justification for negative response scrabble task o Frey and gaertner 1986 examined willingness to help a partner working on White participants partners either black or white Partner deserving or undeserving of help Examined the participants who gave scrabble letters to help Racial difference seen in undeserving category if black partner half partner as likely to give tiles Duplex mind o Can have differing explicit conscious and implicit automatic attitudes Explicit prejudice voiced attitudes against a group Can be overt Traditional or covert subtle modern Implicit prejudice gut responses that are biased and uncontrollable E g standing further apart from a group you are biased against o Can implicit and explicit prejudice affect each other Yes Primes that change the associations automatically activated affecting implicit prejudice later change our explicit prejudice Example color blind versus multicultural prime o Can implicit and explicit prejudice affect each other Yes Stimulus changes how we consciously feel about a group and motivates us to create or alter our implicit associations Ex negation of social stereotypes study Duplex mind What causes prejudice o Negation of social stereotypes study Kawakami et al 2000 Saw faces and stereotypic statements of black or white ppl Experimental condition told to reply now whenever they saw a stereotype congruent combination black stereotype and black face and yes when they saw a stereotype incongruent combination black stereotype and white face Control maintained stereotypes yes to congruent no to incongruent Measured prejudice o Can implicit and explicit prejudice affect each other Yes Stimulus changes how we consciously feel about a group and motivates us to create or alter our implicit associations o Prejudice can stem from a disordered personality o Authoritarian personality rigid adherence to norms generalized hostility and intolerance for different groups o Result of domineering parents o As adults displace hostility toward parents onto safe target i e minority o Explicit prejudice is also by predicted by some of the big five personality groups factors Openness to experience higher openness to experience is related to lower levels of explicit prejudice generally Agreeableness higher agreeableness is related to lower levels of explicit prejudice generally o Implicit prejudice is not predicted by any of the big 5 personality factors o Institutional support our social institutions schools government the media can reinforce biased beliefs Childrens books and movies gender roles Flesh colored Crayola crayon 1992 TV season 1 characters were Hispanic and 16 of them committed crimes 2x other groups Cues such as bathrooms Neutral structural cue both genders have the same amount of bathrooms in the same location Threatening structural cue 4 male bathrooms instead of one female and females is in the basement o Institutional support may also come in form of diversity programs within Diversity programs businesses o Create an illusion of fairness whereby people perceive a minority member as treated fairly if there is a diversity program regardless of the actions against that person Reduces likelihood to perceive an action b the company as discrimination Increases support for the status quo Increases negative attitudes toward a person claiming to be discriminated against Why prejudice exists o ingroup favoritism members similar ppl o Minimal group effect Intergroup competition o Realistic conflict theory Preferential treatment or favorable attitudes toward one s own group ingroup favoritism occurs even when group membership was random Competition over resources leads to hostility and conflict btwn groups Competition people can attain their goals only if others do not Cooperation People must work together to achieve shared goals Competition can increase frustration which then increases conflict and prejudice btwn groups Cooperation can reduce prejudice btwn groups o a few societies have little no competition Peaceful economically undeveloped groups o Competition has costs and benefits May produce prejudice hostility aggression May also produce progress ex col war and technology Prejudice and intergroup relations o Thinking about groups ingroups us outgroups them o Outgroup homogeneity bias they all look alike to me Contact hypothesis ingroup members o Eyewitnesses are more accurate identifying people of their own racial group Exception angry outgroup members easier to identify than angry o Groups don t get much contact with each other o Result ignorance reliance on stereotypes o Under certain conditions regular interaction can reduce prejudice o Probs for contact hypothesis Students of diff racial backgrounds don t interact often self regulation When they do interactions are often negative or awkward o Benefits don t often happen naturally people often end up segregating themselves o Contact only works Among people of equal status When positive When out group members are perceived as typical of their group Subtypes o Exception to the rule Result Stereotypes prejudice persist Overcoming stereotypes reducing prejudice o People use conscious effort to overcome hide prejudices Requires ability to self regulate o Motivations to overcome prejudice Internal morally wrong External avoid social disapproval o People accused of prejudice often try hard to prove the opposite Some of my friends are X o Conscious efforts to treat others with fairness Reducing prejudice o Plant Devines 1998 measure Internal motivation to respond without prejudice Strong inner belief that
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