Emotions 1 What are the differences between emotion affect and mood o Emotion a specific reaction to some event Ex I am afraid of spiders o Affect valence of evaluation toward an event Ex I have a negative affective response to spiders o Mood general disposition or state Ex I am in a bad mood 2 How does affect motivate behavior and why does it do this o Spikes physiological arousal o Brain damage patients cannot make every day decisions Where do you want to eat today 3 Are affective responses automatic or controlled and what are the implications of this o Controlled Lack of control leads to inability to anticipate punishments 4 How does affect contribute to learning and decision making How does the Iowa Gambling Task study demonstrate this o Control patients learn to avoid risky decks Felt twinges of affect o Brain damage patients never learn Don t learn to anticipate loss 5 What were the different theories of emotion discussed in class How do each of them explain how we reach our emotions Which is the currently accepted theory and why o James Lange Theory of Emotion Stimulus physiological arousal emotion o Cannon Bard Theory of Emotion Stimulus physiological arousal emotion o Schacter Singer Theory of Emotion Accepted theory Stimulus Physiological arousal Cognitive appraisal Emotion 6 What is misattribution of arousal and what were the methods and findings of the study examples we discussed in class o One group of men ran in place for 15 seconds the other group ran for 120 o They were shown a video of an attractive woman or unattractive woman they seconds expected to meet o How attracted were they woman Men who jogged for 120 seconds were more attracted to the attractive Men who jogged for 15 seconds were more attracted to the unattractive woman 7 What is the domain specificity theory of emotions o Effect of emotion is dependent upon specific emotion Emotion serves to motivate behavior 8 What are the specific functions of specific emotions discussed in class o Disgust avoid disease o Sadness seek social support o Sexual arousal find a romantic partner o Love maintain relationship 9 What were the methods and findings of the study on attention and love o Participants were asked to think about a time they were happy vs in love o How do we direct our attention People in love directed their attention more to an average looking person People who were happy directed their attention more to an attractive of the opposite sex person of the opposite sex People in love and people who were happy directed the same amount of attention to attractive people of the same sex and average people of the same sex 10 How do we know that emotional expressions are universal and automatic o Communication for survival Ex strangers babies o Expressions are functional Ex disgust anger fear 11 What factors affect how we perceive emotions What factors affect how we express emotions o People are usually good at identifying emotions cross culturally cross species dogs etc o Expectations and stereotypes shape our perceptions 12 What are the gender differences in emotion if there are any o Experiment participants asked to categorize faces by facial expressions o Some faces male some female o How quickly did they do it Male faces reacted quicker to a happy face Female faces reacted quicker to an angry face Attitudes and Behavior 1 What are attitudes How are they different from beliefs o Attitudes a favorable unfavorable indifferent or ambivalent evaluative reaction toward something or someone Ex I like Johnny Depp o Beliefs the ideas that shape your behavior Ex His name is Johnny 2 What were the sources of attitudes covered in class How does each source affect attitude formation o Affect feelings o Cognition attitude based on people s beliefs about the properties of an attitude object people like information that is easier to process o Behavior an attitude based on observations of how one behaves toward an attitude object how they behave Self perceptions theory people don t know how they feel until they see 3 What is the mere exposure effect and what were the methods and findings of the study on it that we discussed in class o The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them o Experiment Participants were asked their stance on capital punishment They were either extremely pro or anti Participants read 2 studies one pro and one anti capital punishment Did they change their views in face of mixed evidence NO They became MORE in favor of their initial stance 4 What is attitude polarization Know the studies methods and results from class about this concept o Attitudes become more extreme by convincing ourselves they are right o Experiment Traveled with Asian couple Expected anti Asian attitudes would produce discrimination yet the vast majority of hotels allowed them to stay Wrote hotels months later asking if they would accommodate Asians 90 said no 5 When do attitudes affect behavior Know the studies that demonstrate that attitudes affect behaviors o Attitude is strong Vested interest Accessible o Measured at same level of specificity o Other influences on behavior minimized o Experiment Housing crisis at Cornell Some students in permanent housing vs some in temporary housing Both groups had negative attitudes toward housing crisis Did they act on it o Experiment 1984 election Reagan vs Mondale Measured how quickly people rated candidates 4 months later who did you vote for Quicker responses more accessible 6 What are implicit and explicit attitudes and how do they differ Is it possible to have opposing implicit and explicit attitudes o Implicit automatic and unconscious evaluative responses o Explicit controlled and conscious evaluative responses Measuring explicit attitudes Unobtrusive attitude measures social desirability and some creative methods o There is a weak relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes 7 How does social desirability affect our ability to measure attitudes 8 What are some ways that we discussed in class that researchers measure attitude driven behaviors under the radar o Experiment toward Blacks Researchers measured implicit and explicit attitudes of White participants They videotaped White participants interacting with Black participants Did implicit attitudes or explicit attitudes predict behavior Implicit predicted o Nonverbal behavior o Others reported friendliness Explicit predicted o Verbal behavior o
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