Section 3 When are people good and bad How do people think about morality What can social psychology tell us about some major social problems like prejudice and discrimination How do people behave in groups Prosocial Behavior Doing What s Best For Others Chapter 9 What is prosocial behavior o Doing something that is good for other people or society as a whole o Examples Helping Cooperating Forgiving Trust Conformity o Equality opportunities o Equity o Differences Equity What are the two types of fairness and how are they different the state of being equal especially in status rights and the quality of being fair and impartial involves trying to understand and give people what they need to enjoy full healthy lives whereas equality aims to ensure that everyone gets the same things in order to enjoy full healthy lives Do nonhuman animals care about fairness o Yes o EX monkey video watched in class What factors influence when are people helpful o Egoistic Helping o Altruistic Helping Helping others for no expected benefit to the Helping others for benefits to the self self unpleasant so we help to reduce our own unpleasant feelings o Aversive Arousal Hypothesis Seeing another person in distress in o Empathy Altruism Hypothesis Empathy taking perspective of person in need and feeling their emotions can produce altruism I ll help those who share my genes o Kin Selection When do people help others and when do they not Tendency to be less likely to help as number of o Bystander Effect other bystanders increases 1 Notice situation o Darley and Latane s Model of Bystander Intervention a Large number of bystandards may interfere with this 2 Interpret as emergency 3 Assume responsibility a Diffusion of Responsibility The belief that others will take responsibility for helping a person in need b Practical advice point to someone and tell them to call 911 4 Know what to do 5 Judge that costs are outweighed by benefits Helping only occurs after all 5 are true Aggression and Anti Social Behavior Chapter 10 What is broken windows theory o Participants littered more in the area with graffiti than the area that looked nice and clean with no graffiti o If you let people get away with minor crimes then they might learn that it s ok to break the law or more serious laws What are the types of aggression o Direct victim present o Indirect victim not present o Reactive hot emotional o Proactive cold not emotional Why are people aggressive o Frustration Aggression Hypothesis Blocked goal Frustration Anger Aggression o Reformulated Hypothesis Any unpleasant experience frustration pain heat negative feelings Reactive Agression Children model adults o Social Learning Theory o Rejection leads to aggression What is the effect of weapons on aggression o If you show people weapons they tend to become more aggressive Is violence increasing or declining o Decreasing What is the general theory of crime o Low self control leads to criminal behavior In what sense is aggression functional o Aggressive impulses are natural o People fail to control aggressive impulses o Nature says go culture says stop In what sense is it not functional o Acquiring material resources status and mates Morality Not in the Textbook Come to Class What are the two main ideas about what makes something morally wrong i e deontology and utilitarianism o Deontological o Utilitarianism Following moral rules Consequences 1 dead or 5 dead 1 dead or 5 dead 5 1 save the 5 Deontological Do not murder Doing what makes the best outcome What do the trolley problems tell us about that Trolley problem Pull Switch Type of moral Reaction to the problem Reasoning Cold Rational Utilitarian Push the Man Hot Emotional Is morality innate or learned o Evidence of learning New philosophical ideas abound Moral development over lifespan Moral progress o Evidence of innate Fairness in capuchin monkeys and other nonhuman animals Knowledge of good and bad in babies Common moral intuitions and moral dumbfounding o Found that morality is like nature vs nurtute but its learned vs innate People have a moral blueprint Specifics come from culture What is moral dumbfounding o People judge that some things like incest and cannibalism are wrong but are dumbfounded when asked to generate good reasons why Prejudice and Intergroup Relations Chapter 13 What are stereotypes o A generalized belief about members of a group E g Physics majors are smart Why are accurate and or positive stereotypes potentially harmful o Women Here watch my kid while we men talk business Could get in the way with her professional career You must be the one who busted the curve Could get in trouble for not doing anything Nurturing o Asian Americans o Kenyans Fast runners We can t be friendly competitors because you ve got an unfair advantage You didn t deserve to win just got lucky genes What is subtyping o Creating a subcategory to maintain your original stereotype o Men are taller than women o But women who play basketball are different o Strategy to preserve false belief in stereotype What is the stereotype content model o 2 dimensions of social judgment o Warmth What are this person s intentions toward me o Competence Is he or she able to carry them out What is stereotype threat o Reminders of negative stereotypes about you decrease your o You worry about how your performance will reflect on your performance group o Performance anxiety hurts performance What is aversive racism o A positive belief about another race but negative feelings or attitudes toward that race What is the Shoot Don t Shoot task o Participants shown pictures of black and white men holding objects o Some objects were weapons some not o Shoot the man if he s holding a weapon don t if it s not a weapon What are concealable stigmas o Some stigmas can be hidden o Hiding a part of your identity feels inauthentic o Hiding identity is effortful depleting Keeping secrets Choosing words carefully What is social identity theory o Is a person s sense of who they are based on their group membership s How does self regulation affect prejudice o If you are more self regulated the less prejudice you ll be When and why do people discriminate against others o Most modern discrimination occurs when a single instance of discrimination can t be identified as discrimination How can we prevent discrimination 1 Outgroup members have traits and abilities challenging negative stereotypes 2 Contact requires supportive social norms 3 Groups are of equal
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