SOP3004 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE Chapter 5 Humans cooperate with many people who are non kin Most species are asocial Cooperation is difficult Three theories 1 Reciprocal Altruism 2 Mutualism 3 Competitive signaling from social selection Reciprocal Altruism Axelrod s tournament o Give me a dollar and I ll give you a dollar Punch me and I will punch you tit for tat o Forwarded by Robert Trivers in 1971 o Programs submitted to compete in a prisoner s dilemma tournament o Prisoner s dilemma often used as example of problem of cooperation o o Most successful was nice Tit for tat strategy Proximate Level psychological Mutualism o If I do you a favor you feel gratitude o Often this will produce a feeling of obligation o If you return favor I feel happy and we can continue exchange o If you don t return favor I would become indignant and stop cooperating with you o Often cooperating will benefit both parties immediately o This is called mutualism because it is mutually beneficial to cooperate o Ex Chimpanzees form bands They fight opposing bands for territory Seldom fight unless numbers are in their favor o But many peaceful activities are best accomplished with partners Proximate Level o Should like coalition partners who contribute to group admire them o In humans this seems to be accomplished by according status to particularly effective group members o We freely defer to beneficial group members o Status exchange theory good service you provide more reward you get Ex Steph Curry Team wins he wins because of status o Should detest or get angry with group members who do not contribute o In every known society humans are punished by reputational damage or by infliction of physical pain o We enjoy seeing free punished Social Selection and Cooperation o Social Selection Theory examines the role of interpersonal social decisions in evolution o Humans have relied on social partners for large part of evolution o In a sense humans are competing against each other to attract social partners Advertising traits Competitive Altruism competition o We can think of individuals as products on a market competing for consumers o They have to advertise prosocial traits to attract purchasers o Ex Displays of kindness charity loyalty and altruism o Hardy and Van Vugt 2006 proposed a model of competitive altruism o According to this model the need to signal or advertise traits leads to an altruistic 3 participants in group 2 conditions reputation and no reputation Participants are given about 1 75 and could allocate to private fund or public fund Public fund would earn bonus and get split among participants on team Dependent Variables asked about the status of other groups members which group member the participant would want to work with After this played another round In round 2 reputation condition increased public investment but the no reputation condition did not In reputation condition status was significantly linked to public contribution The altruists were accorded more respect status and were more desired as interaction partners o According to this model it is useful to make donations public o People will compete altruistically if reputations are on the line Displays of Loyalty o This might explain apparently irrational displays of loyalty If you remain loyal to a group that has no chance of winning others see the loyalty and decide that you are a good social partner so this might help in the long run Chapter 6 Humans are social creatures this has costs and benefits We are all competing for the same limited pool of resources Competition doesn t need to be nasty and violent Remember competitive altruism aggression is only one possible outcome Men vs Women Men Social existence means that we must compete for finite resources This will lead to physical aggression because aggression is often effective However aggression is particularly important in certain social environments Men much more likely to perpetrate violence to use physical aggression Males of many species form dominance hierarchies Men jostle for top position because the alpha male has access to resources and mates o If A is greater than B and B is greater than C then A is greater than C Before hierarchy is established there is often a large amount of aggression After hierarchy becomes stable aggression abates although there is often a constant stream of harassment from dominant male When new males challenge aggression increases In adolescent males Ritch C Savin Williams 1979 studied interactions at summer camp Coded behavior for five weeks Looked for evidence of dominance hierarchy o Verbal commands o Physical assertiveness o Recognition o Taking objects from person o Verbal assaults Before establishment of hierarchy there were more disputes fights et cetera Dominance hierarchy began to develop quickly and stabilized Boys hierarchies more stable girls more often broke into dyadic pairs Culture of Honor Without a police force and rule of law reputation of dominance is important This can lead to increased aggression because men must signal to others that they are willing to protect the resources The U S South and the Wild West are examples of a culture of honor In cultures of honor reputations are important and men quickly retaliate against threats to reputation o Studies in Cohen Nisbett Bowdle and Schwartz 1996 o 3 experiments with various dependent variables o Samples of participants who grew up in North or South o In each of the experiments the participant had to walk somewhere and was bumped by a confederate someone they hired not the army member o The confederate called the participant an asshole o Some situations were private or public o In public other people saw the insult o Those raised in South had higher cortisol levels than those in North this probably o Those raised in South had higher testosterone this probably illustrates readiness for illustrates stress aggression o Those raised in South more likely to think their masculinity had been threatened Researchers in a similar tradition Vandello Bosson 2012 have argued that manhood in general is a precarious status Manhood is a status that must be earned and can be lost This contributes to stereotypically masculine behaviors such as aggression Women Women are physically less formidable than men Risk of physical injury more costly may have less to gain from physical aggression If a woman dies there is a big chance their child won t survive Researchers recently focused on relational
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