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CHAPTER ONE Social Psychology The scientific study of thoughts feelings and behaviors especially in relation to other people and how situations influence our behavior Social psychology focuses on normal day to day behavior ABC Triad Affect how people feel Behavior what people do Cognition what people think Can be affected internally how do people act when they are feeling certain things example power or situational how people act when they are around other people compared to alone and how people act to different types of people Scientific method All of the questions just proposed are empirical questions and can be answered through systematic controlled observation and experimentation It is the best way to objectively assess reality Common knowledge can be wrong or contradictory For example the more the merrier and twos a party threes a crowd contradict themselves 1 State Problem 2 Formulate hypotheses based on personal observations or based on previous theories and research 3 Design Study 4 Approved by an ethics committee participants must give informed consent and be treated with respect 5 Test hypothesis with data 6 Share results Publish Present Findings Peer review process top journals have it and experts review methods and theory assess validity What if researchers mess up or lie Self correcting nature of science emphasis on replication some top journals unofficially require at least two experiments per article shows results can be replicated CHAPTER THREE What is the self There is no single clear definition The nature of the self depends on Perceptions of yourself who you are with behavior towards others decisions you make It is broken down into three parts Self knowledge self concept Interpersonal self public self Agent self executive function Self knowledge AKA self concept Info about self Uses self awareness What you like what you ll be doing in a year Interpersonal Public Self Helps you connect with other Depends on whom you are with and what the situation you are in is Used in self presentation Example How you would describe yourself on facebook job interview Agent Self Executive function Makes choices Exerts control over self and others self control Example Deciding to take a class early in the morning deciding to drag yourself to that class instead of sleeping in voting in an election Purpose of the Self Gain social acceptance Sometimes it is necessary to change behavior to get alone with others We adopt social roles like different identities for different situations Think about your roles when you are around professors coworkers parents Self Awareness Attention directed at the self Private self awareness focus on your thoughts goals desires boosted by looking in a mirror Public self awareness focus on how other people see you boosted by public speaking audience Increased self awareness can cause anxiety Discrepancies from ideals norms and moral principles feel unpleasant Examples Private Failing a test and realizing that you wont get your target GPA Public Teacher asks you a question but you were not paying attention Self awareness can improve behavior Enables people to be more socially desirable Reminds people of goals When it feels bad people try to escape the self alcohol suicide video games Self Knowledge Introspection Looking inward Examining one s own thoughts feelings Privileged Access you re the only one who knows you inner most thoughts and feelings at any given time only you know why you act a certain way Limitations of introspection Attack on privileged access We know what we think feel but not why Example Car ad study We learn about ourselves from others Looking Glass Self You imagine how you appear to others how others will judge you you develop an emotional response as a result for example a pimple How accurate is info from others Negative comments Friends don t like to give them and people may not be receptive Examples Am I ugly What s wrong with me Social comparison Upward comparisons compare yourself to people who are doing better than you Downward comparisons compare to people who are doing worse Self Perception Theory Self Knowledge comes from an examination of ones own behavior I a lot therefore I must like Informs research on motivation Intrinsic motivation doing something for its own sake Extrinsic motivation doing something for a reward Over justification effect Expected rewards for activates reduce intrinsic motivation getting paid to do something you enjoy takes the fun out of it Example is book it Pizza huts reading program Appraisal look for the truth about self weakest motive Self Enhancement Look for flattering things about self emotional appeal Consistency Look for confirmation about current beliefs about self cognitive appeal The Duplex Mind Conscious system performs complex operations Automatic system outside of consciousness Automatic Egotism automatic system is self enhancing Modesty is a conscious process requires deliberate control Self and Info Processing Endowment Effect Items are more valuable to the person who owns them an example is lottery numbers Self Esteem How favorable someone evaluates him herself High self esteem positive self views Benefits Initiative confidence in own abilities willing to try new things adapt to new problems Feels good more likely to try again after failure Low self esteem absence of strong positive self views not negative Non depressed people have positive illusions Overestimate good qualities and underestimate faults overestimate control over events unrealistic optimistic Depressed people are realists Positive illusions may be healthy Self Deception Tendency toward downward social comparison Skew impressions of others to highlight own good traits as unusual example most people are terrible drivers Self Presentation People present themselves to others Presentation depends on goals Functions Social acceptance increase chance of acceptance feels good Claiming Identity People get treated in a manner consistent with their behavior the role plays them Chapter Four Actions and Meaning Actions can be based on abstract meanings We perform individual actions in pursuit of larger more meaningful goals Example symbolic acts Thinking is doing Imagining something makes it more likely to happen activates meaningful goals motivates relevant goal oriented behavior Levels of Meaning Higher levels more meaningful and abstract may invoke an emotional response such as guilt or anxiety Lower levels to solve problems


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FSU SOP 3004 - Social Psychology

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Chapter 1

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Chapter 7

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