Test 2 Study GuideEmotion Lecture Objectives:1. What is emotion? What is mood? What is affect? What are the differences between these three terms? • Emotion - A conscious reaction to something. Even though we feel emotions consciously, they are mostly outside our conscious control. • Mood - a feeling state that is not clearly linked to some event.• Affect - the automatic response that something is good or bad (liking or disliking). Either includes all good emotions or all bad emotions.• The differences are emotion is a reaction, a mood is not clearly linked to anything and the affect is an automatic response. 2. What is the difference between conscious emotion and automatic affect?• Emotion is a conscious reaction, often including a bodily response to something, in contrast we use the term “affect” to refer to the automatic response that something is good or bad, either we like or dislike. Emotion takes time, affect is very fast.3. How is emotion modeled in the following three theories of emotion: James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and Schachter-Singer theory? How are they different from each other?• James-Lange theory - They proposed that the bodily processes of emotion come first then the mind’s perception of these bodily reactions creates the feelings of emotion.o Crying- feel sad• Cannon-Bard Theory - They proposed that the thalamus sends two messages at the same time in response to an emotional stimulus, making both the feeling of an emotion and bodily response happen at once.o Crying & sad at the same time• Schachter-Singer Theory – They proposed that emotions has two components, one, the bodily state of arousal is the same in all emotions, the other, the cognitive label is different for each emotion.o Arousal : determines there is going to be an emotiono Cognitive label : dictates which emotion will be felt4. What are Dutton & Aron (1974) arguing in their article? How did they test for this in their first study? How does this research support the Schachter-Singer theory?• Two bridges: one scary, one not. Hot girl at the beginning of each, had men fill out a quick survey and told them to call her if they had further questions. Men crossing the scary bridge called her more. They labeled their fear of the bridge as an attraction. Fear was successfully converted to love. (p. 166)• Bodily states of emotion are the same in all emotions. The cognitive label is different for each. In excitation transfer, the arousal from one event transfers to a subsequent event.5. What is excitation transfer? How is it related to the Schachter-Singer theory?• Excitation transfer - The arousal from one event transfers to a subsequent event.o Ex. Kissing your date after a rollercoaster6. What is happiness? How do social psychologists define it (the book gives three different definitions)? What causes happiness? Why is happiness important?• Happiness- 1. Simply feeling good right now (ex. Eating something good, feeling the sun) 2. Enjoying many positive experiences. Affect balance is the frequency of happy emotions, the frequency of bad emotions 3. Life satisfaction, comparing your life to a standard, decide whether it lives up to your hopes and goals.• Happiness is rooted towards one’s outlook and approach to life, as well as in one’s genes. Happiness is important cause it is linked to a variety of good outcomes, including health and success in life.Which of the objective predictors have a negative impact on happiness, and why?• Having children• Parenthood is riddled with self-deception and illusion.• Parents don’t want to believe they made a mistake by having kids and try to rationalize their sacrifices. 7. What is the hedonic treadmill? • Describes the tendency to revert to one’s usual level of happiness after an emotional event.8. What is anger? What causes anger to occur? What are the three different ways to deal with anger? • Anger - an emotional response to a real or imagined threat or provocation. Anger is greater if one sees the other person’s actions as a.) very harmful b.) random and arbitrary or c.) deliberately cruelWhat are the three different ways to deal with anger? • Never show anger, not acting angry can sometimes diminish the anger• Vent one’s anger- catharsis theory says expressing anger can be a healthy release of emotion (not great findings)• Get rid of the anger either mentally or physicallyo Ex. Distract yourself, or relaxing and counting to 109. What are the differences between guilt and shame? What are the different effects guilt has on an individual?• Shame is usually destructive, while guilt is usually constructive.• Guilt usually motivates people to do good acts and make amends to repair damage to their relationship.10. Why do we have emotions? What do emotions influence? • Emotions compromise an important and powerful feedback system, telling us whether something is good or bad. • Emotions influence relationships, learn from mistakes, influence people to engage in risky behavior and disregard consequences. 11. What is affective forecasting? Why is anticipated emotion important?• Affective forecasting - the pre-ability to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events.• Anticipated emotion helps to avoid acts that they expect to make them feel sad or angry, and favor acts that they think will make them feel happy, satisfied or relieved. 12. What are the six basic emotions that most people can identify? • Anger• Surprise• Disgust• Happiness• Fear• Sadness13. Are there any differences between men and women in regards to emotion? If so, what are they? • Men may be slightly more emotional than women, but women may feel more willing to report their emotions and claim to have stronger feelings.• Men fall in love faster than women and women fall out of love faster than men. 14. What is the Yerkes-Dodson law? How is it related to the difficulty of the task? • Yerkes-Dodson law - some arousal is better than none, but too much can hurt performance. Performance is generally lower for a difficult task. 15. Can people directly regulate their emotions? What strategies do people use to try to regulate their emotions/affect?• People attempt to regulate their emotions by doing things that feel good, distracting themselves from negative emotions, controlling their arousal, seeking social support, or dealing with the emotion causing issue directly.
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