Emotion Lecture Objectives:1. What is emotion? What is mood? What is affect? What are the differences between these three terms?• emotion: • full blown conscious state that includes an evaluative reaction to some event• basically a reaction to something• the ones who feels the reaction is aware of it• mood:• a feeling state that is not clearly linked to some event • you may not know why you are in a good or bad mood, but you do know that you are in one • affect:• mapping all emotions onto a single good or bad dimension• positive affect: good emotions• negative affect: bad emotions • separate dimensions, not opposite ends of the same dimension3. What is the difference between conscious emotion and automatic affect?• conscious emotion:• powerful, single, feeling state• automatic effect: responses of liking or disliking of good and bad feelings toward something • may be mixed and may occur outside of consciousness 5. How is emotion modeled in the following three theories of emotion: James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and Schachter-Singer theory? How are theydifferent from each other?• James-Lange theory• the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur in emotion • bodily processes of emotions come first and then comes the minds perception of these bodily reactions creating a subjective feeling of emotion • emotional stimulus -> physical arousal -> experienced emotion • Cannon-Bard theory• emotional stimuli activate the thalamus, which then activates both the cortex, producing the experienced emotion and the hypothalamus and autonomicnervous system producing physiological arousale• Schachter-Singer theory• the idea that emotion has two components, one component physiological arousal is similar in all emotions, the other component, the cognitive label isdifferent for each component• the arousal dictates that there will be an emotion and how strong it will be, and the cognitive label determines which emotion will be felt 7. What are Dutton & Aron (1974) arguing in their article? How did they test for this in their first study? How does this research support the Schachter-Singertheory?• the misattribution of arousal• they made an attractive woman (increased their arousal) stand at the end of a safe bridge and a dangerous bridge and then when they got to the end theyfilled out a survey and she gave them her number• the DV was to see which group called them woman• the men who were on the scary bridge called because they mistook the arousal from the bridge as arousal for her9. What is excitation transfer? How is it related to the Schachter-Singer theory?• the idea that excitement from one event can transfer to another event11. What is happiness? How do social psychologists define it (the book gives three different definitions)? Which of the objective predictors have a negativeimpact on happiness, and why? What causes happiness? Why is happiness important?• happiness:• simply feeling good right now• the frequency of positive emotions minus the frequency of negative emotions (affect balance)• life satisfaction: evaluating how your life is generally, and also comparing it some standard• objective predictors:• having children has a negative impact• has to do with parents self-deception and illusion• lack of social connections• people who are alone in the world tend to be less happy13. What is the hedonic treadmill?• hedonic treadmill: a theory proposing that people stay at about the same level of happiness regardless of what happens to them• like a treadmill you walk and walk and walk but you really end up in the same place15. What is anger? What causes anger to occur? What are the three different ways to deal with anger?• anger: • emotional response to real or imagined threat or provocation • internal emotion, unlike aggression • a reaction to someones wrongdoing • dealing with anger: • not show anger, hide it • venting anger• catharsis theory: expressing anger produces a healthy release of emotion • getting rid of anger• changing your arousal state17. What are the differences between guilt and shame? What are the different effects guilt has on an individual?• guilt:• an emotional feeling that is usually bad, it is associated with some implicit reproach that one has acted badly or wrongly• guilt focuses more narrowly on the action• "I did a bad thing"• shame:• moral emotion that involves feeling bad but unlike guilt, it spreads to the entire person • "I am a bad person"• effects of guilt:• motivates people to do good acts (apologize)• motivates people to make amends• motivates people to behave in more socially desirable ways 19. Why do we have emotions? What do emotions influence?• emotions tell us whether something is good or bad • emotions help people get along better• emotions can promote belongingness• emotions help people learn 21. What is affective forecasting? Why is anticipated emotion important?• affective forecasting: the ability to predict one's emotional reactions to future events• anticipated emotion can be a powerful guide to behavior• anticipated regret• decisions are based on how much you will regret an action23. What are the six basic emotions that most people can identify?• anger• surprise• disgust• happiness• fear• sadness25. Are there any differences between men and women in regards to emotion? If so, what are they?• no evidence that women are more emotional than men• nearly identical emotional reports • women sometimes report stronger emotional reactions than men, this is caused by social norms that men should underreport emotions• men might be slightly more emotional than women, whereas women feel more willing to report their emotions and claim to have stronger feelings• love• men fall in love faster• women fall out of love faster27. What is the Yerkes-Dodson law? How is it related to the difficulty of the task?• the proposition that some arousal is better than none, but too much can hurt performance • lower for complex tasks than for difficult tasks because performance is generally lower for difficult tasks29. Can people directly regulate their emotions? What strategies do people use to try to regulate their emotions/affect?• emotions cannot be directly controlled• if you're feeling bad you can't just decide to be
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