Learning Objectives Chapter 1 The Mission and the Method Be able to define social psychology groups and individuals o The scientific study of how people think about influence and relate to each other as Identify the other academic areas related to social psychology o Anthropology Study of Human Culture o Economics Study of how people exchange goods and services o Sociology Study of societies and the groups that form societies Understand how social psychology is different from the other fields within psychology o Biological Psychology Focus on what happens in the brain nervous system and other aspects of body BP Focus on identifying which parts of brain contribute to specific behavior SP Look at behavior and social motives o Clinical Psychology Focus on abnormal behavior Most popular field of psychology CP Interested in abnormal human functioning SP Interested in normal human functioning o Cognitive Psychology Study through processes like memory CogP Interested in how people think SP Interested in how people think about other people and social situations o Personality Look at differences between individuals and traits that are stable PP Focus on about a how stable traits person predict their behavior SP Focus on how situations predict behavior Know which other field of psychology is considered the sister field to social psychology o Personality double check Know the 2 forces that work together to predict behavior o Person and situation Define the reification error and how it relates to psychology o Reification Error Treating abstract concepts as if they were concrete objects o IDK how it relates Define and identify examples of the hindsight bias o Hindsight Bias Tendency to exaggerate one s ability to have foreseen an outcome after learning about it Describe the 5 steps of the scientific method o 1 State problem o 2 Formulate Hypothesis o 3 Design Experiment o 4 Test Hypothesis with data from experiment o 5 Communicate Results Know the 2 things that make a good theory o Good theories are economical and falsifiable Know whether science aims to prove or disprove hypotheses and why o Science aims to disprove hypotheses because people can make an experiment show what they want to show Define theory and hypothesis o Theory Unobservable constructs that are linked together in some logical way principles that explain predicted and observed results o Hypotheses An idea about the possible nature of reality a prediction tested in an experiment Know the two locations where social psychology research is conducted Identify and describe the different methods used in research o 1 Correlational Research Goal Test how one variable is associated with another Is there a relationship Positive Correlation As one goes up other goes up Negative Correlation As one goes up other goes down No Correlation Correlation Coefficient r Ranges from 1 to 1 Closer to 1 stronger Closer to 0 weaker Iron Law of Correlation Correlation DOES NOT equal causation o 2 Experimental Research Two Key Features Random assignment of participants Controlled manipulation of independent variable Two types of variables Independent variable manipulated Dependent variable o Positive Correlation As one goes up other goes up o Negative Correlation As one goes up other goes down o No Correlation o Correlation Coefficient r Ranges from 1 to 1 Closer to 1 stronger Closer to 0 weaker Know the advantages and disadvantages of correlational research Explain the benefits and pitfalls of experimental research Identify the independent and dependent variables in a research design Be able to explain the direction and strength of a correlation when given the correlation coefficient o Independent Manipulated o Dependent represents the result of the events and processes Know what is meant by the operational definition of a variable o Result of the process of operationalization and is used to define something in terms of a process needed to determine its existence duration and quantity Define random assignment accepted condition o Random Assignment People have equal chance of being assigned to rejection condition or Identify demand characteristics in a research design o Any clues in a study that suggest to participants what the researcher s hypotheses is Know what reliability is and how it differs from validity o Reliability Getting the same thing over and over hitting the same spot o Validity A survey measures what it purports to measure Differentiate between external and internal validity o Internal Validity How accurate something is The extent to which changes in the independent variable caused changes in the dependent variable o External Validity The extent to which the findings from a study can be generalized to other people other settings and other time periods Be able to define main effects and interactions and interpret both from a graph o Main Effect When an IV has an effect of similar magnitude and direction across levels of the other IV Calculation Results o Interaction When the effect of one IV on the DV depends on value of the other IV Same calculations as main effect Results Learning Objectives Chapter 2 Culture and Nature Define the sociocultural perspective o Sociocultural Perspective Our beliefs attitudes and behavior are shaped by societal norm Know the difference between collectivist and independent cultures o NURTURE Collectivist More focus on external reasons for behavior More focus on connection with others Independent Cultures More focus on internal reasons for behavior More focus on being different from others List and define the 3 components of an evolutionary perspective o Heritability Eye color o Variation Among genes A large percentage of genes passed from parents A small percentages of genes randomly o Natural Selection Passing of genes that will last generation Survival and reproduction Some variations are more helpful for survival than other Differentiate the two parts of natural selection o Survival and Reproduction Know the differences between an evolutionary perspective and a sociocultural perspective o Evolutionary Perspective NATURE Natural Selection Survival and reproduction Some variables are more helpful for survival than others Bigger wings to fly faster and further Extra toe for protection Smaller eyes means you see less and are eaten more Determines which random variations are passed on through heredity Heritability Eye color Variation Among genes A large percentage of genes passed from parents A small
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