SOP3004 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE Emotions Attitudes and Behavior Chapter 4 Conformity and Obedience Chapter 6 Persuasion Chapter 7 Groups Chapter 8 Wednesday 3 5 Exam 2 Study Points Emotions What are the differences between emotion affect and mood Emotion a specific conscious evaluative reaction to some event EX I am afraid of alligators slow Mood general disposition or state EX I m in a good mood Affect valence positive or negative of evaluation toward an event Spikes in psychological arousal People with damage to prefrontal cortex had no arousal in response to traumatic images Also can t make everyday decisions EX where do you want to eat bc couldn t make affect associations of what restaurants are good bad and which one to eat at EX I have a negative affective response to alligators fast How does affect motivate behavior and why does it do this Affect motivates behavior because if you have a positive evaluation toward something you are more likely to do it Are affective responses automatic or controlled and what are the implications of this Are affective responses weak or strong How does affect contribute to learning and decision making How does the Iowa Gambling Task study demonstrate rthis What were the different theories of emotion discussed in class How do each of them explain how we reach our emotions Which is the currently accepted theory and why James Lange theory of emotion outdated Stimulus psychological arousal emotion see zombie heart races causes you to be afraid Problems physiological arousal applies to different emotions If this model were to be accepted each physiological arousal would create one emotional response Cannon Bard theory of emotion outdated physiological arousal Stimulus emotion psychologists lead to emotion Schacter Singer theory of emotion currently accepted model by social physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal affect each other which both physiological arousal affect each other v cognitive appraisal What is misattribution of arousal and what were the methods and findings of the Stimulus Emotion study examples we discussed in class Misattributing arousal your state of arousal causes you to misattribute EX why they go skydiving or other physiologically stimulating things on the bachelor makes you like them more White et al 1981 Men ran in place for 15 secs or 120 secs Watched a video of an attractive or unattractive women they were expected to meet then asked how attractive were they 120 sec men were more attracted to the attractive women than the 15 sec 120 men were less attracted to the unattractive women than the 15 sec What is the domain specificity theory of emotions Domain Specificity effect of emotion is dependent upon specific emotion Emotion serves to motivate behavior most of the time What are the specific functions of specific emotions discussed in class Disgust avoid disease Sadness seek social support Sexual arousal find a romantic partner Love maintain relationship What were the methods and findings of the study on attention and love Studied tracked where eyes looked and how long people looked at certain images For individuals in love or happy they spent the same amount of time looking at attractive people of the same sex average opposite sex and average same sex DIFFERENCE individuals just happy not in love spent same time looking at attractive opposite sex However those in love spent a significant less amount of time looking at the attractive opposite sex How do we know that emotional expressions are universal and automatic We know that emotional expressions are universal and automatic because they are the same across cultures Same face for disgust anger happy etc no matter where you go Expressions are functional they re there to motivate behavior ex disgust anger fear What factors affect how we perceive emotions What factors affect how we express emotions Factors that shape our perceptions Expectations and stereotypes Our own emotional states Fear can influence our perceptions of anger in others Our own gender Women are better quicker at identifying other s emotions What are the gender differences in emotion if there are any Women are better quicker at identifying other s emotions also differ in displaying emotion Study Points Attitudes and Behavior 4 What are attitudes How are they different from beliefs Attitudes are favorable unfavorable indifferent or ambivalent EVALUATIVE reactions toward something or someone EX I like Johnny Depp is an attitude Attitudes are different from beliefs because beliefs aren t evaluative EX His name is Johnny is a belief What were the sources of attitudes covered in class How does each source affect attitude formation Attitudes come from Affect Cognition Behavior What is the mere exposure effect and what were the methods and findings of the study on it that we discussed in class The mere exposure effect is when favorability increases with greater exposure to Develop pleasant association with stimulus stimulus must be neutral can t have any feelings toward the stimulus prior What is attitude polarization Know the studies that demonstrate that attitudes Attitude polarization attitudes become more extreme by convincing ourselves an object affect behaviors they are right EX you read an article that is pro choice and you are pro choice it strengthens your attitude belief bias When do attitudes affect behavior Know the studies that demonstrate that attitudes affect behaviors ATTITUDES PREDICT OUR BEHAVIOR WHEN THESE OTHER INFLUENCES ON WHAT WE SAY AND DO ARE MINIMAL WHEN THE ATTITUDE IS SPECIFIC TO THE BEHAVIOR AND WHEN THE ATTITUDE IS POTENT Attitudes affect behavior when Attitude is strong Vested interest Accessible Measured at same level of specificity Other influences on behavior minimized Study LaPierce Traveled with an Asian couple Expected anti Asian attitudes would produce discrimination yet the vast majority of hotels allowed them to stay Wrote hotels months later asking if they would accommodate Asians 90 of hotels said no Study Regan Fazio Housing crisis at Cornell Some student in permanent housing vs some in temporary housing Both groups had negative attitudes toward housing crisis Group that acted upon it those in temporary housing Temporary housing people ACTED UPON THEIR ATTITUDE because they were directly affected Study Fazio Williams 1984 election Reagan vs Mondale Measured how quickly people rated their candidates 4 months later who did you vote for Quicker responses more accessible
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