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Class notes, movie and then Chapter’s bulleted! CLASS NOTES: if there are any questions please e-mail me!CHAPTER 8: Group Influences-5 people waiting at the same bus corner= are not a group because they don't have anything in common-People attending a worship service= group because are at service together-Spice girls fan club= group because like the spice girls-Students in a seminar class= not a group… just in class. -What is a group?o2 or more people, who for longer than a few moments interact with and influence one another and they perceive one another as an us. oConditions that need to be met in order to be part of a group. ( most of these need to be met most of the time)-Individuals must usually interact with each other directly or indirectly. Important for there to be regular interaction. -Must depend on each other= interdependent. -Relationships must be stable, it persists over time, it's not going to go away there is stability. Ex: Spice Girls Fan Club if you are a member you are probablygoing to stay a member. -Individuals must share at least some goals, these are things the group is trying to obtain. -Interactions must be structured, each group member will perform the same orsimilar functions each time they meet. -Must recognize that you are part of the group. US. Ex: yea I am a member of this church, or certain club, etc. oEx: people on a bus at first are not a group but then they get high jacked and they must work together to figure out a solution now they are a group. -Why do people join groups?oWhat groups do you belong to?oWhy do you belong to them?-Groups help satisfy important psychological or social needs.-Groups help us achieve groups that we could not attain as individuals. Ex: help study or learn togetherEx: raise money for charityEx: group sportsoGroup membership often provides knowledge and information that would otherwise not be available to us. oGroups help meet our need for securityoContributes to establishment of a positive social identity.Groups and task performanceExample: An ice skater who is preparing for their first competition practiced routines along several hours each day , month after month. The big day arrives and they skate into a huge arena filled with the biggest crowds they’ve ever seen? How will they do?Social Facilitation- Presence of Others-Triplett (1898)oBicycle racing- racing alone vs. racing together( performance increased)oWind string on fishing reel as rapidly as possible(performance increased)-Wound faster presence of other children. oSo because he found out something no one else really knew about other attempted to replicate. -Sometimes there was improved performance other people were finding that this hindered performance. -ZajoncoJoined instinct drive research with what been done- decided that what was happening was that social arousal facilitates dominant responses. oSo, it should increase performance on easy tasks and decrease performance on difficult tasks. -Easy is what you know, hard is what you do not know. -Easy task should increase performance and hard will decrease performance. Ex: athletes are better when they have homefield- homecourt advantage. Crowding- Presence of Others-When others are present, many perspire more, breathe faster, tense their muscles more and have higher blood pressure. -Study showed that when you sit close together friendly people like even more and unfriendly disliked more. Territoriality- In Humans-We all have this possessive feeling about things. -3 common types of territorialityoPrimary territories-Occupant has exclusive control-Examples- homes, apts, private offices. oSecondary territories-Areas shared with others but over which regular users have considerable control.Ex: seat in class, classroom, church, or neighborhood baroPublic territories. -Uncontrolled areas that are used by whoever is first to arrive. Ex: parking in garages, theaters, parks. -Why do people want a territory?oIt may give people a sense of securityoMake lives more predictableoMake seem more importantoProtect from those whom they fear of dislike. oFoster person's sense of self-identity and uniquenessoPeople are more assertive in their own territories. Social Loafing-Tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when individuals are accountable. -Ingham (1974)- Tug of war studyoPeople pull 18% harder when they thought they were alone. When they thought other people were there they didn't pull as hard. -Latane et al (1979)- shouting and clappingoThey blindfold 6 people put them in a semi circle and put head phones on and blind folds. They can't see anyone else, don't know what they are doing. They are told to shout. They were louder when they were ALONE rather than when they thought they were with others. -Free Riders- people who benefit from the group but give little in return. -Reduce social loafingoIndividuals performance needs to be identifiableoChallenging, appealing, involving tasksoGroup members are friends or identified part of important group -If you could do anything humanly possible: Class responsesoHurt peopleoCheating, changing gradesoGaining secret infooSaving animalsoRunning around naked **** when this is done as a research experiment, 1. Aggression2. Charity3. Academic dishonesty4. Crime5. Escapism6. Political activities7. Sexual behavior8. Social disruption9. Interpersonal spying and eavesdropping10. Travel11. Msc. -9 % pro-social -36% anti-social-19% were non normative (violate a social norm good/bad)-36% neutral-Most frequent response: Rob a bank-26% criminal acts-11% sexual acts-11% spying behavior DEINDIVIDUATIONLoss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension-What circumstances create this?oGroup size?-Larger group= more unidentifiable= more atrocities committed-Mann (1981)- larger crowd more likely to "bait" jumperIf dark and large crowd people were more likely to bait the jumper and yell "jump! Do it jump!"-Looters, mobs, etc. -You focus on situation in group and not yourself, what group does you do, youare the group oPhysical anonymity-Uniforms and masks-Zimbardo (1979, 2002)- women in white coat and hood. Women dressed in this held the shock button down twice as long as the women who were identifiable (had name tags on.)-Internet (buy things you don't want people to see, chat rooms, etc. )-Car honking studyo(4X4 Vehicle that is covered or convertible)- people in 4X4 are more likely to honk because they have


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FSU SOP 3004 - FINAL-SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

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