Chapter 10 Learning Objectives 1 What are the three important features that define an act as aggressive Aggression any behavior intended to harm another person who is motivated to avoid harm 1 Aggression is a behavior 2 Not an emotion 3 Not a thought 2 Be able to categorize an aggressive act as direct indirect violent verbal relational hostile instrumental and active passive Direct Target is present Indirect Target is absent Hostile Reactive Harm is the goal Instrumental Proactive Harm is a means Active Taking action Passive Failing to act Violent physical assault with intent to injure another person Verbal saying mean words Relational harm is caused by damaging someone s relationships or social status 3 Explain the frustration aggression hypothesis both old and revised What does this hypothesis not predict Frustration Aggression Hypothesis Old you are more likely to say or do something harmful when you are frustrated Frustration anything that blocks us from attaining a goal grows when our motivation to achieve a goal is very strong when we expected gratification and when the blocking is complete Frustration Aggression Hypothesis Revised original theory overstated the frustration aggression connection frustration produces anger an emotional readiness to aggress anger arises when someone who frustrates us could have chosen to act otherwise 4 What is the social learning theory of aggression Know the Bobo doll study Social Learning Theory of Aggression Bandura the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished we acquire aggression by watching others act and noting the consequences Bobo Doll Study Bandura created an experiment where a child is in the room with an adult and the Bobo doll and other items including a mallet The adult in the room with the child starts shouting and kicking punching and aggressively beating the inflatable Bobo doll while the child is still in the room Once the child is left in a room by themselves frusturated with the same toys the children mimicked the same actions as the adults which included kicking and aggressively beating the Bobo doll When a child was in a room with a calm model the child didn t beat up or harm the doll What children see children do 5 How does testosterone affect aggression What was the measure for testosterone exposure that we talked about in class and how does it work Testosterone men is overall more aggressive The 2D 4D Ratio is hypothesized to be affected by the amount of testosterone someone is exposed to in the womb Young Male Syndrome increased amount of testosterone direct aggression no known culture in which women commit more violent crimes than men 6 Who is more aggressive males or females Males 7 How do heat pain alcohol use aggressive cues and culture affect aggression Pain heightens aggressiveness in humans Berkowitz students hold one hand in lukewarm water or painfully cold water those whose hands were submerged in the cold water reported feeling more irritable and more annoyed Heat Griffitt Beitch 1971 students who answered questionnaires in a room with a normal temperature compared to those in an uncomfortably hot room students in hot room reported feeling more tired and aggressive and expressed more hostility heat also triggers retaliation in response to an attack or injury Aggressive Cues violence is more likely when aggressive cues release pent up anger sight of weapon Culture Middle East Southern Asia the south tend to respond more aggressively to perceived insults Alcohol unleashes aggression when people are provoked enhances aggressiveness by reducing people s self awareness by focusing their attention on a provocation and by people s mentally associating alcohol with aggression 8 What were the individual differences discussed in class and how did they affect aggression Testosterone measured by the 2D 4D Ratio means more aggression Cultures of Honor people from those cultures are more likely to aggress Narcissism increased aggression Antisocial Personality Disorder increased aggression 9 Does viewing violent media increase aggression What evidence supports this What factors affect this Viewing TV violence makes aggressive behavior more likely because it Creates arousal Encourages imitation Distorts perceptions of reality Leads to desensitization Viewing violence increases violent behavior especially among people with aggressive tendencies Violence Viewing effect strongest when Attractive person is violent Violence is justified Violence is realistic No consequences shown 10 How does playing violent video games affect aggression What does your book say about all the different ways that violent video games can increase aggression Increase in aggressive behaviors Play more aggressively with other children Get into more arguments Participate in more fights Increased heart rate and blood pressure Increase in aggressive thoughts expect others to respond aggressively by using abusive language kicking or starting a fight Increase in aggressive feelings more frustration and hostility Decrease in helping others and in empathy for others 11 How does your book suggest we best reform our violent culture Media awareness training Pornography researchers have successfully resensitized and educated participants to women s actual responses to sexual violence 12 Why did humans evolve an inclination to be aggressive What was aggression s function in the past and how is it functional dysfunctional today Traditionally aggression was used as a strategy to obtain goals mates resources status etc However due to the way our society functions now aggression is not a strategy to use 1 What are the three things discussed in class that lead to attraction and how Chapter 11 Learning Objectives do they do so Propinquity Effect Mere Exposure Effect 2 What is the mere exposure effect Does is lead to liking or disliking The Mere Exposure Effect is when favoribility increases with greater exposure If you already dislike someone the mere exposure effect can increase disliking 3 What is the matching hypothesis and how is it related to attraction Matching Hypothesis people will try to date the most attractive person they can date limited by own attractiveness People tend to date similar levels of physical attractiveness 4 What factors make people in general more attractive What factors make men specifically attractive Women Factors such as symmetry and averageness average size nose eyes etc make
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