FSU SOP 3004 - Chapter 10 – Aggression

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SOP3004 Study Guide for Exam 4 Chapter 10 Aggression Aggression any behavior intended to harm another person who is motivated to avoid harm Aggression is not an emotion or a thought It is intentional and the victim wants to avoid harm Different Types of Aggression Indirect inflicting harm on someone while they are not present Direct inflicting harm on someone while they are present Reactive aggression that is in reaction to something Proactive goal directed behavior designed to achieve an objective beyond physical violence Example robbery Active actively doing something to harm someone Passive intentionally not doing something to inflict harm on someone Examples to Practice o Jack yells at Joe because he s angry at him o Pam spreads rumors about Joe because he dumped her o Ashley doesn t give her boyfriend the message after work because she s mad at him for working too much o Peter shoots his wife to get her life insurance Frustration Aggression Hypothesis Blocked goals result in frustration anger which results in aggression Frustration Aggression Hypothesis Reformulated Unpleasant experiences frustration pain and or heat lead to negative feelings which lead to reactive aggression Social Learning Theory Emphasizes the effect that other people have on an individual s behavior The Bobo Doll experiment Albert Bandura children would watch a video of an adult playing with a doll in a room before they would go into the room Then they would measure how the child played with the doll Children would act aggressively towards the doll in the way the adults did but also would come up with their own creative ways to act towards the doll Young Male Syndrome Young men take higher levels of risks than other people They also tend to be more susceptible to strong emotions where there is the thrill of risk and power in aggression Young men are more prone to anger and are more likely to get into fights and violent arguments in which there is a risk of them being harmed Individual Differences Related to Aggression Narcissism the opinion that you are superior to others and entitled to certain things Psychopaths Have low empathy and lack basic affective reponses Evolutionary Functions of Aggression Aggression can be used for acquiring material resources status even mates Chapter 14 Groups Power Entativity how much the group is seen as a single unit Factors that contribute to this include Proximity people in a group are usually near to each other Having a shared fate for example people in a classroom are a group in the sense Similarity in looks or in beliefs that they have the shared fate of taking the same exams Gramzow Gaertner 2005 Participants saw pictures and asked how many of a particular item was in those pictures Participants then were categorized as over estimators or under estimators Participants then read 36 statements about typical over estimators and typical under estimators half were positive and half were negative They then asked participants how likable over estimators or under estimators were Depending on which group they were in the participants found the group they were in more likable How do we classify ourselves when we belong to multiple groups Optimal Distinctiveness Theory Too much similarity with others leads to wanting to be different Too much difference with others leads to wanting to be similar o Lau 1989 Asked hundreds of Black participants across the U S how much they see themselves as Black Then they measured the proportion of the population that was Black Individuals identified the least when they local population is either low don t want to feel dissimilar or high want to feel unique Social Facilitation Theory Presence of others leads to physiological arousal which will lead to either better performance if the task is easy or well learned or worse performance if the task is hard or unfamiliar Social Loafing the reduced effort that occurs when people work in a group compared to when working alone Kerr Bruun 1981 o Participants were told to shout as loud as they could and participants were told that working with one other person or working with 5 other people Participants believe that they were measuring the overall loudness or the loudness of each individual o How loud did they shout If they believe they were being measured individually they would yell a lot louder than if they believed they were being measured as a group of 5 Factors Preventing Social Loafing o Individual contribution identifiable Example Group projects if the teacher will see individual Example Winning the championship will be the best moment of my contributions o Results are personally important life o High group identity Example I am a Seminole o Task is unique and challenging Galinsky et al 2006 P s asked to think about a time they had power high power or think about a time someone else had power over them low power They were then asked to write an E on their forehead o The task of writing and E on the forehead is a way to measure perspective taking which is the ability to take the viewpoint of another person perspective taking is a component of empathy Participants in the study had to write a letter on their forehead that another person would read For a letter to appear in the correct direction for another person you must write it backward on your forehead Participants that were higher in power were lower on empathy and perspective taking Maner Mead 2010 Assigned power over others in charge of determining how to work on project Two conditions high power and low power They were told they would work in group on anagram task competing against other groups for money but that too many participants showed up they must exclude one The participants were shown the results of the anagram task from others o One other person did really well How likely are they to exclude this skilled person Those who were in the stable power condition were not likely to exclude the skilled person regardless of how high or low their motivation for power was However those in the unstable condition when they had high power motivation were very likely to exclude the skilled individual Basically if you really want power you really don t want the skilled person on your team because they are a threat to you Minimal Group Paradigm method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups Experiments using this approach have revealed that even arbitrary and virtually meaningless distinctions


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FSU SOP 3004 - Chapter 10 – Aggression

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