SOP 3004 Exam 4 Study Guide MORALITY What is morality including the 3 components o A psychological state that acts as IMMORAL and wrong Rather than just disagreeable unfashionable or imprudent o Also MOTIVATES PUNISHMENT toward the immoral individual Not only is it OK to harm them but wrong to let them get away with it o Morality can be turned OFF AND ON Which moral rules discussed in class seem to be universal o Many moral laws are universal ex murder and stealing What are the indications we have that suggest that we are biologically programmed for morality o We are programmed for morality think of the video of the babies and good and bad stuffed animals babies ALWAYS preferred the good animal o Other species too think of the video of the moneys one monkey gets grapes other gets a cucumber the cucumber monkey gets mad that he s not getting grapes and throws the cucumber back at the experimenter What is meant by the elephant and the rider metaphor o Argument that people don t use moral reasoning but moral rationalization In other words they start with the answers that comes from the unconscious and then EX The incense story we all said it was morally wrong right away that a brother and sister were planning to make love then work backwards to come up with a plausible justification Unconscious instinct is revulsion when we are harming an innocent What is the typical outcome of the train moral dilemmas What are the two things o Shown not only with scenarios but with MRI studies that we learn from the train moral dilemmas o Dilemma 1 5 people tied to train track 1 person tied to alternate track Throw the lever to kill 1 instead of all 5 o Dilemma 2 5 people tied to track on a bridge with large man who could be thrown off to stop train and save those 5 but he will die Throw him off RESULTS pulling a lever is much more indirect MORE LIKELY to do Pushing the guy off a bridge is more direct LESS LIKELY to do How does emotion relate to our morality o Emotions play a VERY strong factor in our moral decision making think back to pulling the lever or pushing the guy off the bridge how you would feel after is reciprocation the relationship what drives you to decide to do it or not What are the important emotions for morality and what do they tell us about morality o Disgust major motivator in morality keeps us away from immoral acts immorality leaves a bad taste in one s mouth nasty taste pictures of gross things unfair treatment ALL THE SAME disgust face o Sympathy prompts people to offer the first favor with the expectation of o Anger protects people from cheaters motivating people to punish them or sever o Gratitude motivates one to reward those that helped them in the past How do health vegetarians respond differently to food with meat in it than moral vegetarians Why o Morality comes with a feeling of righteousness Moral vegetarians are more likely to recruit people to become vegetarians too than health vegetarians because they have the drive to recruit others to their moral cause How do people respond when they feel unethical o Guilt unpleasant moral emotion associated with a specific instance in which one has acted badly or wrongly Motivates people to make it up Guilt POWERFUL MOTIVATOR What were the methods and findings of the guilty participant study o 1 2 of participants have confederate tell them about the study and all the answers before o When asked by experimenter all say they know nothing o A few extra would you want to help me out with something o RESULTS Those that didn t lie helped after just a couple minutes Those that did lie helped after about an hour GUILT IS A POWERFUL MOTIVATOR What are the 6 moral spheres and what are the evolutionary explanations for each o Harm o Fairness o Liberty o Group loyalty loyalty betrayal NOT A VIOLATION of your moral foundation say something bad about your nation which you don t believe on a talk radio show in your nation VIOLATION of your moral foundation say something bad about your nation which you don t believe on a talk radio show in a foreign nation focus is on the building of strong group bonds anything that interferes with the group and its goals must be dealt with all about maintaining strong group bonds o Authority authority subversion NOT A VIOLATION slap a friend in the face with his permission as part VIOLATION slap your minister in the face with his permission as part of a comedy skit of a comedy skit focus is on group hierarchy and respect for those who are above you people expect those lower to be submissive and to protect those higher up EVEN IF your authority figure says its ok to violate your moral foundation and slap him in the face you still feel against your morals o Purity NOT A VIOLATOIN attend a performance art piece in which the actors act like idiots for 30 mins including flubbing simple problems and falling down on stage VIOLATION attend a performance art piece in which the actors act like animals for 30 minutes including crawling around naked and urinating on stage Focus here is on feeling physically and mentally clean or pure from corruption What cultural and political differences have been found for moral foundations o 6 moral spheres are thought to be found universally in humans However their importance can be affected by culture Japan fear of nonconformity higher in loyalty Western nations harm fairness Hindus Jews dietary restrictions higher in purity Muslims insulting the prophet higher in authority o Differences in political beliefs their public policies Democrats focus largely on harm liberty and fairness moral spheres in Republicans focus on all six moral spheres equally Gay marriage sometimes seen as a violation of purity morality sphere Smoking sometimes seen as a violation of purity morality sphere What is the moral licensing effect What are the two theories to explain moral licensing effects and which is correct o Moral licensing effect past moral behavior makes people more likely to do potentially immoral things without worrying about feeling or appearing immoral o TWO THEORIES OF MORAL LICENSING Moral credentialing not an act that goes against the law reframes immoral behavior as not a transgression EX Two tasks First task was to select a person from a group of candidates o Control condition all white candidates o Moral licensing condition 3 white candidates and 1 black chose black bc it s the right thing to do and did something good Second task was a police hiring decision o RESULTS
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