Test will only have Multiple Choice or True False Questions and will take place on Tuesday Feb 28th The test will be about 40 50 questions and cover all material from reading assignments and lectures through the date of the test The test will be about 3 4 from lectures 1 4 from reading assignments If you have thoroughly filled out everything on the study guide below you should be prepared for the test Study Guide for Exam 2 Chapter 4 Behavior Control Bold terms from the reading Risk Aversion In decision making the greater weight given to possible losses than possible gains Temporal Discounting In decision making the greater weight given to the present over the future Certainty Effect In decision making the greater weight given to the definite outcome than to probabilities Error Management Theory the idea that both men and women make decisions so as to minimize the most costly type of error but men s worst error is not the same as women s Status Quo Bias a simple preference to keep things the way they are instead of change Omission Bias taking whatever course of action does not require you to do anything default option Reactance Theory the idea that people are distressed by loss of freedom or option and seek to reclaim Entity Theorists those who believe that traits are fixed stable things entities and thus people should Incremental Theorists those who believe that traits are subject to change and improve Learned Helplessness the belief that one s actions will not bring about desired outcomes leads to Self Determination Theory the theory that people need to feel at least some degree of autonomy and Panic Button Effect believing that one has an escape option can reduce stress even if one never makes or reassert them not be expected to change giving up and quit trying internal motivation use of this option Goal an idea of some desired future state Zeigarnik Effect tendency to experience automatic intrusive thoughts about a goal that one has pursued but whose pursuit has been interrupted Goal Shielding when the activation of a goal a person is working on inhibits the accessibility of alternative goals Planning Fallacy belief that one s own project will proceed as planned even while knowing that the vast majority of similar projects have run late Monitoring keeping track of the behaviors responses you want to regulate Capacity for Change third ingredient to self regulation The active phase of self regulation will power Self Defeating Behavior any action by which people bring failure suffering or misfortune on themselves From the lectures 1 Self Determination Theory define intrinsic versus extrinsic motivations Know the benefits of self determined behavior Two motivations to perform 1 Extrinsic Motivations originate outside the self e g outside pressure These actions are felt to be 2 Intrinsic Motivations less free originate inside the self i e a deep passion to succeed Self determined actions actions endorsed at the highest level of reflection and engaged in the actions with a full sense of choice 2 What is the panic button effect Benefit of having self control Panic Button Effect Just knowing you have an out makes things less stressful even if you never use it Glass Experiment Participants exposed to aversive noise blasts while solving puzzles perform worse on follow up tasks that require concentration and persistence Glass et al added a button on the desk and told half the participates they could eliminate the noise at any time if it got too bad by hitting the button No one used it but participants who thought they could did better on follow up tasks 3 Be able to explain reactance theory What are some of the common consequences of reactance Brehm 1966 people have a negative reaction to having options taken away or People hate having choice taken away Reactance theory freedom reduced Forbidden option is more attractive Steps to reassert freedom Act aggressively towards person who restricted freedom 4 Be able to define and identify examples of risk aversion temporal discounting the certainty effect keeping options open Risk Aversion Avoiding losses matters more than pursuing gains People are more upset by losing 50 than they are happy about winning 50 What did the class say about this gamble Toss coin You win 5 or you lose 5 Temporal Discounting The further away a payoff is the less it is worth 1000 today is worth 1200 a year from now The Certainty effect The more certain something is the more it is worth Kahneman and Tversky 1979 asked students to evaluate insurance costing only 50 of normal but which would only pay out in 50 of cases though their premium would be refunded if they did not get the payout 80 of students chose to refuse the insurance People tend to prefer to postpone decisions if that will allow them to keep options Keeping options open open Example Double majoring Keeping options open might be part of a broader pattern of decision avoidance 1 Omission bias do whatever requires you to do nothing 2 Status quo bias preference to keep things the way they are 5 Be able to define and give examples of satisficing Herbert Simon 1955 1956 1957 Actual decision makers have limited information processing capacity Satisficing Meeting the minimum threshold of acceptability 6 Iyengar and Lepper 1999 2000 Be able to describe their findings and how they demonstrated why too much choice can be harmful Psychologists How do people really deal with choices Our Cognitive Limitations Make Too Much Choice Harmful Iyengar Leper 1999 2000 People less likely to purchase a jam or chocolate or write an optional essay for class if given 24 or 30 options instead of 6 Reported less satisfaction with choices and wrote lower quality essays if given more choice 7 Be able to describe the difference between the goals of Satisficers and Maximizers and the benefits of taking a satisficing approach to decision making For certain people too much choice is particularly harmful Dividing the World into Satisficers and Maximizers Individual differences in people s tendency to satisfice versus maximize Maximization Scale Whenever I m faced with a choice I try to imagine what all the other possibilities are even ones that aren t present at the moment When I watch TV I channel surf often scanning through the available options even while attempting to watch one program Renting videos is really difficult I m always struggling to pick the best one On Average Maximizers are More Depressed Less Happy Less Optimistic
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