IV controlled or manipulated Color of T shirt participants wore DV measured Aggression Benefit of random assignment The participants who wore black t shirts and white t shirts were equal on all other factors except the color they were wearing o People who are naturally aggressive have an equal chance of being in each group Which of the following types of studies allows researchers to draw causal conclusions C Experimental Hypotheses are used to test theories A True Theories explain many different observations and they explain the causal relationships that we expect exist A hypothesis is derived from a theory and is very specific Operational Definitions are important Some constructs are easier to define than others What does it mean to wear black clothes What do we mean by aggression o convert an abstract concept into a NUMBER VALIDITY measure The idea of how much your operational definition actually overlaps with what you are trying to Experimental Research Interpreting Results Dating study NB Interaction when the effect of one IV on the DV depends on the value or level of the other IV Main Effect When an IV has an effect of similar magnitude and direction across levels of the other IV Ethics of Experimental Research institutional review boards informed consent use deception only if essential protect people from harm information about participants should remain confidential debrief participants at end Methods summary independent variable IV is something that is manipulated dependent variable DV is something that is measured Correlational studies can determine variables that are related but cannot determine that one variable CAUSES another o Experimental lab studies can however determine causation Remember James James represents the typical case He is an average Represents our best estimate under experimental conditions He is NOT an individual Distinct from anecdotes or individual experience Methods read chapter 1 for more The coming weeks How people know and perceive themselves Why do we have emotions How do we persuade others THE SELF But first The Triad Social psychologists are interested in three main aspects of human experience o Affect feelings emotions mood o Behavior observable actions o Cognition thoughts or mental processes The Triad Aggression Example Researcher interested in aggression might A measurement of heart rate while people watch a violent movie B measure how many times someone hits a punching bag after being insulted C ask someone to report their thoughts after performing an aggressive activity The Self Concept or self knowledge Who are you the informational content we have about our selves C of the Triad constructing the self concept four methods o introspection o the looking glass self o self perception o vicarious self perception seeing friends or peoples reaction to what you are doing and going off of that imagining you re a stranger looking at your own behaviors and going off of what they dsee approaching a new situation and thinking that you are similar with someone you look up to so you act how you think they would act in that situation because you think you would be similar in that respect too Introspection looking into the self to find out things Study 1 Bargh Chen Burrows 1996 Condition 1 the agreed folded is paper shirt tables his orange was Condition 2 the agreed wrinkled is paper shirt table his old was A quick word on priming control conditions comparison group Stimuli encountered in the word activates related concepts in the mind Seeing snow activates information about snow in the mind activation spreads to all related concepts Condition 1 neutral words Condition 2 elderly related words gray wrinkled senior old etc Condition 2 walked slower P s behaved consistently with elderly stereotype Start of Lecture 2 Four Ways of Constructing self concepts Introspection Learn from inner voice Lacks a little bit in its utility for explaining WHY we do things The controlled experiments prove this idea We are however very good explaining what we are doing and how we feel about things o We learn from the opinions and or feedback of friends and family whether visually The looking glass self auditor ally lol etc Self Perception o Observing yourself from the perspective of a stranger Vicarious self perception o Change self to mirror merged others SELF ESTEEM Self concept knowledge of one s self Self esteem evaluation of one s self o Trait how good you feel generally Ex you generally think positively stable o State how good you feel in the moment ex your self esteem goes down a little after a break up Varies around trait Measurrring self esteem With explicit measures o Self report Problems o Self presenting o Want to see self as good self deception Thankfully psychologists developed implicit measures o Measuring self esteem via priming o Prime nurse activate doctor o To implicitly measure we use me to see if it ll prime good If after thinking about self for a while by writing an essay about themselves looking in a mirror etc there are mannny ways they are really quick to respond to neg words and really slow to respond to negative words we think that they have pretty low self esteem With computers it can be measured veryyyyyy accurately millisecond differences often but detectable o More implicit measures The Name Letter Test NLT Source of implicit egotism Signature size People with high self esteem tend to write bigger so signing the consent form could be a clue on its own Smell esteem Explicit vs implicit o Explicit measures provide more content specific index of self esteem How great of a basketball player am i Specific but susceptible to self presentation o Implicit measures provide a less biased measure of general positivity How positive do I see myself overall Avoids self presentation but not content specific HIGH SELF ESTEEM AS A PANACAE panacea means cure all antidote to all problems Popular Successful Talented Happy o There s a correlation between people s self esteem and these types of things There was a hugee self esteem movement esp in the 90s during Fay s time But No differences in o Correlation does not imply causation o Intelligence success social relationships attractiveness Good grades are more likely a cause of high self esteem or some other third variable High vs low self esteem Self protection vs self enhancement o Someone with low self esteem can be more likely to defensive behavior self protection o People w low self esteem are more
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