Social facilitation The tendency to perform well when others are present But sometimes the presence of others makes performance worse social inhibition The presence of others is arousing o Arousal enhances a person s dominant response o Dominant response automatic habituated learned Pool experiment experts are better than novices when alone as expected since the experts have a dominant response of being good at pool their accuracy increases while others are present while the novice s accuracy decreases slightly Social loafing People often reduce effort hen working in a group o When group outcomes are measured individual evaluation concerns may be absent o tug of war study Worked alone or in groups Do you work harder as part of a group No Facilitation vs Loafing All result from the presence of others o Individual efforts evaluated evaluation apprehension social facilitation or social inhibition based on their dominant response o Individual efforts not evaluated no evaluation apprehension social loafing Normative social influence motivated to fit in withsocial group thoughts still kept privately Informative social influence motivated bc they think they group knowsw something they don t information taken away Deindividuation People in groups feel anonymous Loss of self awareness responsibility and evaluation apprehension Diener s trick or treat study 1976 Measuring how many kids take more candy than they re supposed to They re told they can take a certain pieces of candy and then they experimenter leaves the room o Either they are alone with the candy bowl or in a group o ALSO they are either identified took down names and addresses or anonymous When identified not many take more candy than they re supposed to but if they re in a group a few more people take extra candy When the kids are anonymous and alone they take more candy than alone and identified but MASSIVE amounts more of candy when anonymous and in a group Zimbardo s Physical Anonymity Study Dressed women in white coats and hoods anonymous or without uniform and with nametag identifiable Women shocked a person actually confederate setup quite similar to the milgram experiment when are told they have to shock this person for a given amount of time Deindividuation Can lead to increased anti social behavior o Physical harm o Stealing Real life examples o The internet POWER Most groups are hierarchical Social power the capacity to influence others outcomes behaviors etc o What are the effects of having power Galinsky et al 2006 P s asked to think about a time they had power high power or think about a time someone else had power over them low power condition Then asked to write an E on their forehead o Self oriented people wrote an e on their head so that they could see it in a mirror o Other oriented written so others could read it easily In the high power condition 30 wrote the E so that they could see it and only 12 wrote it so that they could see it High power decreases empathy makes us focus on ourselves P s put into high power or low power think of a time task Taken to another room to complete paper and pencil task Fans were blowing where they are trying to write o Dependent measure of the study was the of people who turn off the fan o Much more people in the high power condition decreased empathy turned off the fan He did another study 2003 What do we do to keep power Maner Mead 2010 o Assigned power over others in charge of determining how to work on project o Todd would work in group on anagram task competing against other groups for money but that too many participants showed up must exclude one To help todd decide he is shown results of anagram task from others When looking at the performance of everyone one other person did really well more well than Todd in fact 2 CONDITIONS Varied Stability of Power o Stable Power You are in power throughout the experiment o Unstable Power Depending on how you and your group members do on this task you Measured power motivation dominance motivation based on answers to questionnaire might lose power o I like being in charge If people have stable power the tendency to exclude skilled other was very low for both high and low power motivation IF people have unstable power the tendency to exclude skilled other was very high in the high power motivation and very low in the low power motivation The low power motivation here in unstable power know that the skilled person will be beneficial to the group and do not care but the person who loves having power high power motivation cares more about maintaining power than winning against the other groups Power decreases empathy motivates action and Motivates behaviors to protect power o in unstable hierarchies for power driven people Social influence is Bad o No Powerful Important Helpful Business Military Science and medicine Two reasons to conform Overall conformity and obedience are prosocial behaviors that allow groups to function Conformity when people modify their behavior or attitudes to match what people around them are doing Normative influence the motivation is to be liked you want to do or think what is normal of the group Public conformity Not private acceptance people fear social rejection Informational Influence crowd knows best Public conformity Private acceptance People assume majority is correct we use the group as a source of information People with social power are more likely to do which of the following compared to people with less power A Take Action B Be Self Focused C Both Answer C Deindividuation makes people more likely to do A Help someone B Break social rules C Feel responsible for their action ANSWER B SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND PERSUASION Real life examples to go on dates to persuade partner to stay with us friends to do things with us parents to get their things to eat things they don t like car salesman persuading a customer political ads persuading the population etc everyone uses persuasion 2 Routes to Persuasion Elaboration likelihood model o Central route to persuasion when interested people focus on the arguments and o Peripheral route to persuasion when people are influenced by incidental cues such as respond with favorable thoughts a speaker s attractiveness CENTRAL ROUTE Audience is analytical and motivated to hear about let s say climate change Cognitive processing is high elaborate and includes agreement or counter arguing Cogent arguments evoke enduring agreement Effortful requires lots of cognitive
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